Chapter 1: Structure & Function of Exercising Muscle
Type 1 muscle fibers have a ____ oxidative capacity, which means that they make up a higher percentage of muscle cells in what type of athletes?
what is High (50 points), and what are endurance athletes (50 points)
In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
What is the Mitochondria?
Give two examples of how the sympathetic nervous system affects the body
What are:
increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, secretion of catecholamines, hypertension, anxiety, etc...
Hormones travel in one of two ways through the cell membrane. What are the two common classifications of hormones?
What are steroid, and non-steriod hormones?
Does the body use more or less oxygen when oxidizing fats compared to carbohydrates?
What is more?
These muscle cells are known as fast oxidative glycolytic, or the intermediate fibres
Free fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA via which process?
What is Beta-Oxidation?
This neurotransmitter is crucial for binding receptors to the neuromuscular junction.
What is acetylcholine (ACh)
ADH stimulates water retention in this organ:
What are the kidneys?
This term describes the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not match oxygen demand
What is oxygen deficit?
If no relaxation occurs between stimuli, peak force is produced for a sustained time. What is this term referred to as in exercise physiology terms, and what is this phenomenon referred to as in daily life?
What is Tetanus (150 points), and what is a muscle spasm (150 points)
4X Tour de France champion: Tadej Pogacar, would experience what differences in number of mitochondria, and what change in oxidative enzymes compared to Connor Finlay?
What is more, and higher
If membrane potential changes from -70 to -55 mV, what is generated?
What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), and an action potential?
These lipid-based substances function in a similar manner to hormones, but do not act only act locally. What is the name of these compounds, and give one example of what they help in.
What are prostaglandins, and what is helping with:
Inflammation, blood flow, and uterine contractions
If RER = 0.8, roughly what percent of energy being used is carbohydrates?
What is 33% (1/3)
What is the correct order of events for a muscle contraction to occur?
(100 points for correct in order)
what is T-tubule action potential, calcium release, cross bridging, and calcium gathered in
This enzyme, which is related to Colonel Sanders, is the rate-limiting enzyme for the glycolytic pathway
What is Phosphofructokinase?
Half points for PFK
These Central Nervous system regions are the endpoint of arrival for sensory impulses.
What are integration centers?
These four hormones are crucial for increasing plasma glucose concentrations:
What are glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol
What is the difference between BMR & RMR?
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) - The calories your body needs in a day for complete rest
RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate) - The calories your body burns in a day doing normal daily tasks (does not include exercise of any means)
This band, which can be observed under a microscope, decreases in width during muscle contraction.
What is the I band?
These two enzymes are the best indicators of the aerobic capacity of a given muscle
What are Succinate Dehydrogenase & Citrate Synthase?
This special collection of neurons, located in the brainstem, are crucial for a multitude of key functions in the body; such as heart function and muscle tone
What is the reticular formation?
Kidneys are responsible for secreting ____, that Lance Armstrong used to dope, as well as what enzyme?
What are ethropoetin (EPO) and renin?
How can two athletes with identical VO₂max values differ in their VO₂ drift, and what does that imply about endurance performance?
Give me two reasons
What are:
- One athlete could have a better movement economy, meaning that they are more efficient with their moving pattern
- Differences in muscle fiber composition
- Differences in lactate threshold
- Differences in cardiovascular strain/thermoregulation