Extinction
A conditioned tone is repeatedly presented without food, and salivation gradually declines. What process is occurring?
Respondent extinction
A student loses access to a preferred activity after rule-breaking, and rule-breaking decreases. What consequence occurred?
Negative punishment
Food naturally elicits salivation without learning. What type of stimulus is food?
Unconditioned stimulus
Operant and classical conditioning are both types of what form of learning?
Associative learning
Researchers studying learning and memory investigate a glutamate receptor involved in synaptic plasticity and the formation of certain types of memories.
Which glutamate receptor is particularly important in these processes?
NMDA receptor
Several days after an extinguished response disappears, it briefly returns without additional training. What is this called?
Spontaneous recovery
An unpleasant task is added after disruptive behavior, and future disruptions decrease. What consequence occurred?
Positive punishment
Before being paired with food, a tone does not elicit salivation. What is the tone initially called?
Neutral stimulus
In Eric Kandel's experiments with Aplysia californica, a marine mollusk, researchers repeatedly delivered a harmless touch to the animal's siphon, which initially caused its gill to withdraw. Over repeated trials, the gill-withdrawal response became progressively weaker.
Habituation
A rat learns that a chamber with patterned walls and a peppermint odor predicts an unpleasant foot shock. When returned to the chamber without the shock, the rat freezes.
Which 2 brain structures are especially important for forming the contextual representation of the environment?
the amygdala and hippocampus
A child has learned that crying loudly in a grocery store often results in receiving candy. One day, the parent stops providing candy in response to crying. The child initially cries louder, screams, and repeatedly demands candy before eventually becoming quieter.
What phenomenon explains the temporary increase in crying and screaming?
Extinction burst
A driver frequently speeds through a residential neighborhood. After receiving a ticket for speeding, the driver begins consistently following the posted speed limit.
Which type of punishment best explains the reduction in speeding?
Positive punishment
In a laboratory study of drug conditioning, researchers repeatedly administer an opioid in a distinctive environment. The drug naturally produces physiological effects, while the environment gradually becomes associated with those effects.
In this conditioning procedure, what serves as the unconditioned stimulus?
Opioid
A person is startled by an unexpectedly loud explosion. For several minutes afterward, even relatively quiet sounds cause exaggerated startle responses.
What type of learning explains this increased responsiveness?
Sensitization
Researchers place a rat in an apparatus containing two chambers. One chamber has black walls and pine-scented bedding, while the other has white walls and different bedding. Methamphetamine is repeatedly paired with the black chamber. During a later drug-free test, the rat spends more time exploring the black chamber.
What behavioral paradigm does this experiment demonstrate?
Conditioned place preference (CPP)
A teacher is attempting to reduce attention-maintained interruptions by withholding attention whenever a student calls out. After several days, the student begins calling out more loudly. The teacher occasionally responds to the louder interruptions to restore order. Weeks later, interruptions remain frequent.
What consequence is continuing to reinforce the student's interruptions?
Teacher attention
A teacher adds a reprimand after talking, but talking subsequently increases. Did punishment occur?
NO!
A researcher repeatedly presents a peppermint odor immediately before delivering a foot shock to a rat. After several pairings, the rat begins freezing when exposed to the peppermint odor alone, even when no shock is delivered.
Following conditioning, how would the peppermint odor be classified?
Conditioned stimulus
In Eric Kandel's experiments with Aplysia californica, researchers repeatedly delivered harmless tactile stimulation to the animal's siphon. Over time, the gill-withdrawal response diminished without the animal learning a relationship between two different stimuli.
What broader category of learning does this demonstrate?
Nonassociative learning
A person regularly uses an opioid in the same familiar environment. Over time, cues associated with that setting begin producing physiological responses that partially counteract the drug. When the person takes a similar dose in an unfamiliar environment, those learned responses may be weaker.
What theory of drug tolerance helps explain why the same dose may produce different effects across environments?
Situation-specific tolerance
A teenager regularly argues with their parents to avoid washing the dishes. Previously, the parents responded by telling the teenager to go to their room, eliminating the chore. They now maintain the expectation that the dishes must be washed, regardless of arguing. The frequency of arguments gradually decreases.
Which behavioral procedure is primarily responsible for reducing the arguing?
Extinction.
A teenager repeatedly breaks curfew. In response, their parents take away video game privileges for the weekend. Over the following month, the teenager begins following curfew more consistently.
What behavioral process explains the decrease in rule-breaking?
Negative punishment
A person repeatedly uses heroin in the same bedroom. Over time, the sights and smells of the bedroom become associated with drug administration and begin triggering anticipatory physiological responses.
In this classical-conditioning example, how would the bedroom be classified?
Conditioned stimulus
In Kandel's experiments with Aplysia californica, repeated harmless stimulation of the siphon caused progressively weaker gill-withdrawal responses. Researchers also observed smaller excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the motor neurons, indicating that communication between neurons had weakened.
What neural process was reduced during this form of learning?
Synaptic transmission
In the Gerevich et al. (2005) case report, a young man with a history of heroin dependence died after reportedly taking approximately the same dose he had used the previous day. However, this time he administered the drug in an unfamiliar public location rather than at home.
The authors proposed that familiar environmental cues may have previously activated physiological responses that helped counteract some effects of heroin.
Which learned physiological responses may have been reduced in the unfamiliar environment?
conditioned compensatory responses (e.g. dopamine reduction)