Principles
A stimulus change following a response that increases the future likelihood of a response and nothing else
Reinforcement
What is non-contingent reinforcement? What does it do to behavior that is maintained by that reinforcer?
Non-contingent reinforcement refers to the delivery of reinforcement on a time-based schedule (or continuously) independent of a response requirement. It should reduce behavior that is maintained by that reinforcer.
DRO
Reinforcement
What is the goal of behavioral treatment?
HABILITATION (but there are also other answers)
Provide a technical definition of punishment. Provide a real-world example.
A stimulus change following a response that decreases the future likelihood of a response and nothing else. Ex: Time-out (if it actually reduces targeted behavior)
Who devised our modern MO concept?
Michael
Describe two reinforcer-based procedures that reduce the probability of behavior
NCR and DRO
Under what conditions would contingency/behavioral contracting be useful?
when working with individuals who are full members of the verbal community (i.e., behave as speakers and listeners)
What are the 7 dimensions of applied behavior analysis? BONUS: Who wrote about it?
ABAGETC/GETACAB; Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968)
Provide a technical definition of discriminative stimulus control. Provide an example.
A stimulus change that signals the availability of reinforcement for responding as a function of a history of reinforcement for responding in the presence of that stimulus change. Ex: Going in the presence of a green light. Answering the phone in the presence of a ring. Reading this sentence.
What two antecedent factors can we manipulate to bring about behavior change?
Describe some steps to minimize the side effects of extinction.
a) always have another response that is to be reinforced;
b) only implement extinction if you are sure that you can;
c) consider signaling extinction if the learner has a verbal repertoire (e.g., "hitting won't work; asking will")
FCT is an example of what kind of more general procedure? (think acronyms)
DRA
Under what conditions is extinction NOT indicated?
a) Relative danger of physical harm
b) Can't control reinforcer
c) Environment won't support intervention
A stimulus change that alters the value of a reinforcer and alters the probability of behavior that has historically produced that reinforcement. EX: Do you have a pencil?
What is a High-P --> Low-P instructional sequence? Provide an example.
A series of demands starting with easy and culminating in difficult demands. Ex: clap hands --> touch toes --> jumping jack
Describe some steps to minimize the side effects of punishment.
a) always pair with a reinforcement-based intervention
b) consistently and clearly arrange contingencies of punishment appropriate to the situation
c) ...
What makes a token economy useful?
a) Precision
b) Reduce interference from consummatory behavior
c) Healthier (if we are talking about food)
d) Portability
What are a few of the downsides of positive reinforcement?
a) people may be unaware their behavior is under control of these contingencies and may subject themselves to harm because of them
b) The mere scheduling of positive reinforcement results in aversive transitions;
c) It may prevent acquisition of more useful and effective behavior
What arrangement of behavioral processes results in the most effective behavior change, assuming that you know the function of the behavior?
Differential reinforcement (SR + EXT)
What are at least one strength and at least one limitation of antecedent-only interventions?
Pro: easy to implement
Con: don't result in skill development
Describe some procedures appropriate to reduce the likelihood of automatically reinforced and dangerous behavior.
Punishment and/or DRO
Describe how you would assess and treat problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement, assuming that the individual does not reliably communicate.
FA
DRA (FCT)
Describe the precise conditions under which you would consider implementing a punishment procedure.
a) After SR alone has failed.
b) If the behavior is too dangerous to continue.