Conditioning
This type of learning occurs when an organism associates two stimuli together, such as a phone ringing or a bell going off.
What is classical conditioning?
This bias occurs when people favor information that supports their existing beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts them.
What is confirmation bias?
These chemical messengers travel between neurons to transmit signals in the brain.
What are neurotransmitters?
This occurs when people change their behavior or opinions in order to match those of a group.
What is conformity?
This hormone is released during stress and helps prepare the body to react to threats.
What is adrenaline (epinephrine)?
Austrian neurologist who became one of the most influential figures in the early development of psychology.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
This type of conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments to increase or decrease behaviors.
What is operant conditioning?
This bias causes people to place too much importance on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions.
What is the anchoring bias?
This neurotransmitter is strongly associated with reward and pleasant feelings.
What is dopamine?
This type of social pressure occurs when individuals feel influenced by friends or classmates to act a certain way.
What is peer pressure?
This psychological phenomenon describes the discomfort felt when a person’s behavior conflicts with their beliefs.
What is cognitive dissonance?
This type of memory stores information briefly so the brain can process tasks such as solving problems or following instructions.
What is short-term memory?
Russian scientist known for his conditioning experiments involving dogs and bells.
Who is Pavlov?
This bias causes people to believe something is more common or likely simply because examples easily come to mind.
What is the availability heuristic?
This part of the brain plays a major role in processing fear and emotional reactions.
What is the amygdala?
This psychological phenomenon occurs when individuals in a group fail to help someone in need because they assume someone else will act.
What is the bystander effect?
This coping mechanism occurs when people redirect anger or frustration from the real source onto a safer target.
What is displacement?
This psychological effect occurs when a fake treatment produces real improvements because the person believes it will work.
What is the placebo effect?
In operant conditioning, this term refers to a reward that increases the likelihood a behavior will happen again.
What is positive reinforcement?
This bias causes people to value something more highly simply because they own it.
What is the endowment effect?
The neurological response from the hypothalamus that deals with "self-defense" or "fleeing" from danger.
What is the fight-or-flight response?
When a positive impression in one area influences how we judge someone in other areas.
What is the halo effect.
A cognitive pattern where someone expects the worst possible outcome in a situation.
What is catastrophizing?
This psychological concept describes how rewards lose their motivating power if they are given too frequently.
What is habituation?
This psychologist is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning and using the “Skinner Box” to study animal behavior.
Who is B. F. Skinner?
A psychological phenomenon where people believe that an event was predictable after it has already happened.
What is the hindsight effect?
The part of the brain primarily responsible for logical thinking, reasoning and decision-making.
What is the prefrontal cortex?
A psychological phenomenon where individuals in a large group begin to behave more emotionally, aggressively, or irrationally than they normally would alone.
What is the mob effect or deindividualization.
Group discussions cause people to adopt more extreme positions.
What is group polarization?
This former student of Sigmund Freud later broke away and founded a psychological theory known as analytical psychology.
Who is Carl Jung?