Basics of Behaviorism
This learning theory focuses only on observable behavior and ignores independent activities of the mind.
What is behaviorism?
This type of conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning.
What is classical conditioning?
This psychologist focused on the relationship between behavior and its consequences.
Who is B. F. Skinner?
This is the process by which a behavior is strengthened.
What is reinforcement?
Behaviorist teaching focuses on this rather than private consciousness.
What are observable actions?
According to behaviorists, learning is the acquisition of new behavior based on these.
What are environmental conditions?
The Russian psychologist most associated with classical conditioning.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
This type of learning occurs when a response continues because it has been reinforced.
What is operant conditioning?
A stimulus that follows behavior and increases the likelihood it will be repeated.
What is a reinforcer?
One implication of classical conditioning is to associate these kinds of events with learning tasks.
What are positive or pleasant events?
This principle says when two sensations occur together often enough, they become associated.
What is contiguity?
In Pavlov’s experiment, meat was this kind of stimulus.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
The enclosed apparatus used by Skinner to study behavior and reinforcement.
What is a Skinner box?
This is a stimulus that follows behavior and decreases the likelihood it will be repeated.
What is punishment?
Skinner argued that this kind of feedback is the most effective for facilitating learning.
What is immediate feedback?
Behaviorists define learning as an observed response to these.
What are stimuli?
Before conditioning, the bell was known as this type of stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus?
In a Skinner box, pressing a lever may produce food, water, or another form of this.
What is reinforcement?
Giving praise, money, hugs, or gold stars is this type of reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
In the early stages of operant learning, learning should be regularly given this.
What is reward or reinforcement?
One of the five principles of positive teaching says behavior change happens because of these.
What are consequences?
After repeated pairings, the bell became this and caused salivation.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
This operant conditioning technique reinforces responses that are closer and closer to the desired behavior
What is shaping?
When a response is no longer reinforced and returns to its original level, this occurs.
What is extinction?
One classroom implication says each step in learning should be short and grow out of this.
What is previously learned behavior?