Classical Conditioning
Who is considered the father of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive adds a stimulus, negative removes one, both increase behaviour
What is a stimulus?
Any event or object that elicits a response
What experiment involved dogs salivating at the sound of a bell?
Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment
In classical conditioning, what do we call a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
What do we call a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behaviour?
Reinforcer
What is positive punishment?
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behaviour
What do we call a response that occurs automatically to a specific stimulus?
Reflex
What was the main finding of the Little Albert experiment?
Fear can be classically conditioned in humans
What term describes the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?
Conditioned response (CR)
What type of reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant?
Negative reinforcement
Taking away a toy to reduce a child's tantrums is an example of...
Negative punishment
What is stimulus generalization?
When a response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
What was B.F. Skinner’s invention for studying operant behaviour in animals?
The Skinner Box
What is the process called when the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure without the UCS?
Extinction
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behaviour
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable-ratio schedule
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
The ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli
Which experiment studied observational learning through modelling aggression?
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
What is it called when a conditioned response reappears after a period of no exposure?
Spontaneous recovery
What is the name of the schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
What's the main difference between punishment and reinforcement?
Punishment decreases behaviour; reinforcement increases it
What is a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?
A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement or punishment
What concept did Edward Thorndike propose that led to operant conditioning?
The Law of Effect