Genetics
A chromsome centromere being slightly below the middle, creating a p and q arm, is called?
Sub metacentric
What gland is located in the front of the neck and was the first identified endocrine gland
Thyroid
Pharmacokinetics is?
What the body does to the drug
Intercalated Discs, Striated. It is common in older patients for a white infarction to occour in this tissue, leading to a CV incident
What does SOCRATES stand for?
Site
Onset
Character
Radiation
Associated signs and symptoms
Timing
Exacerbating and Relieving factors
Scale/Severity
Chromosomes counted by their?
Centromeres
GnRF releases?
Luteinizing hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Polypharmacy is?
Three or more drugs at the same time
From a bird's eye view, look like flat sunny side up eggs
Simple Squamous
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease where a transmembrane protein structure is either non-present or non-functional, resulting in a pathological osmotic gradient. What is most likely affected?
Ion Channel
A child presents with an expected number of chromosomes; however, the child is born with a palm crease, noted mental retardation, a broad flat face, and a short nose. What has happened?
The child has downsyndrome via a robertsonian translocation mechanism
Tell me about Thyroxine, and its mechanism of cell signalling
A hormone produced by the thyroid which regulates metabolism. Nuclear receptor
Affinity VS Efficacy
Affinity, how bad it wants the receptor
Efficacy, how effective it is at elliciting the maximal response
Tell me about the H & E stain
The haematoxylin and eosin stain is the gold standard histological stain (pink one).
Haematoxylin is basophilic and is attracted to negatively charged structures. (Purple)
Eosin is acidophilic and is attracted to positively charged structures (pink).
Pre-operational. The child is displaying egocentrism
Short repeats, which are slowly reduced as the cell multiplies. Reproductive clock
Because it dosen't actually produce hormones, it just releases them.
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. What would be a potential consequence a receptor antagonist binded to it.
A 52-year-old man presents with issues with his skin breaking too easily, and had no other apparent issues. After a sample was sent back to the lab, it was found that a tissue that is usually full of densely packed fibrous proteins was damaged. What is the most likely tissue
Dense irregular Connective tissue
Compare Sutures and Syndesmosis
Sutures are very tightly packed, immobile, with short connective fibres. e.g. cranial sutures
Syndesmosis are slightly mobile and less tightly packed, with longer connective fibres. E.g. tibia, fibia
Detail all the steps of prophase 1
Zygotene - Tetrad forms
Pachytene - crossing over
Diplotene - Chiasma is visible
Diakinesis - prophase ends
Corticotropin releasing factor - hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Anterior pituitary
Cortisol - Adrenal Cortex, Zona Fasiculus.
List bacterial drug targets
Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Nucleic Acids
Protein synthesis
Metabolism
Glycosaminoglycans are found most superficially in the walls of the urothelium. What cell type is most likely found, and what is the type of epithelium?
Umbrella cells, transitional epithelium.
Mikael is a light-skinned man from Saint-Petersburg
Johnathon is a dark-skinned man from Dakar.
Tell me about the scientific differences in melanin
No Pheomelanin in John, pheomelanin in mikael
More Eumelanin in John than mikael
Equal amounts of melanocytes, but more melanosome expression in john