Cultural and Applied Anthropology
What does CRM stand for?
Cultural Resource Management.
What is the branch of linguistics that deals with longer-term change in language? What is the branch that studies speech and language in its social context?
Historical Linguistics. Sociolinguistics.
What is the swidden/slash-and-burn technique?
The process used by horticulturalists to clear land by cutting or burning forests
What are the four broad categories of human political organization, from least to most complex?
Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State
In the article Tricking and Tripping, what qualitative method did Sterk use, along with interviews, to understand the daily lives of women involved in prostitution?
Participant observation
What are the two dimensions of anthropology?
Academic and Applied
What is Kinesics?
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
What is the difference between horticulture and pastoralism?
A horiticultural adaptive strategy is based on the cultivation of domesticated plants, while a pastoral strategy is based on the raising, care, and exploitation of herds of domesticated animals.
In the context of tribal societies, what is a Big Man?
A person who creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity, but who does not have divine or institutionalized power
In Tricking and Tripping, what does the author call the individuals who provide initial access to informants and help researchers enter the field?
Gatekeepers
What are the emic and etic perspectives?
The emic perspective emphasizes the insider or local explanation, the etic perspective emphasizes the outsider or ethnographer's explanation
What are productivity and displacement? Are these aspects of primate call systems?
Productivity is the ability to create new expressions by combining other ones. Displacement is the ability to describe things and events that are not present.
Primate call systems lack productivity and displacement.
What are the modes and means of production?
A mode of production is a way of organization production, a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to extract energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.
Means of production are a society's major productive resources, such as land, labor, technology, and capital.
What is an egalitarian society?
A society that lacks status distinctions except those based on age, gender, and individual qualities.
In “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication,” how do the authors explain gender differences in communication?
Different subcultures
What is Medical Anthropology?
The field of anthropology that considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness.
What are pidgin and creole languages?
A pidgin is a blending of two languages that forms in situations of acculturation such as to facilitate trade. Creole languages also develope in regions where different linguistic groups encounter each other and need to communicate, but is a more developed language than a pidgin.
What are the characteristics of most remaining foraging communities around the world, making them poor analogues for archaeological foragers?
They live in marginal environments that are of little interest to food-producing societies, and they have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time which inevitably affects their livelihood.
What are characteristics of band-level societies? State-level societies?
Bands: egalitarian social structure, nuclear families, sexual division of labor, and mechanisms of social control.
States: class stratification, intensive agriculture, specialized decision-making centralized government, craft specialization.
According to “The Arrow of Disease”, what was the estimated population of Native Americans before European contact?
Around twenty million people
What is Applied Anthropology
Any use of the knowledge or techniques of the four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. Also called Practicing Anthropologists.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
The idea that there are no universal linguistic structures, and that different languages produce different ways of thinking. Contrasted with Chomsky's Universal Grammar.
What is reciprocity? What is the difference between generalized and balanced reciprocity.
Reciprocity is the principle of exchange that governs exchange between social equals.
Generalized reciprocity is the act of giving without expecting anything in return, which is common among egalitarian groups and within families. Balanced reciprocity is exchange among people who are more distantly related, where the giver expects something equal in return.
What is thought to have contributed to the rise of the first states?
A political elite arose from the need to manage labor and upkeep irrigation and trade relations. Population growth, environmental circumscription, and warfare may have also played a role.
According to “The Arrow of Disease”, what key condition explains why epidemic diseases developed in Eurasia but not in the pre-Columbian Americas?
Epidemic diseases require large, dense human populations to sustain transmission over time.