Chemistry etc.
What charge to protons, neutrons, and electrons have, and where are they found?
protons: +1, in nucleus
neutrons: 0, in nucleus
electrons: -1, around nucleus
Polar due to partial charges.
Name the four categories of biological macromolecules.
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
What type of carbohydrate is glucose?
A monosaacharide (or monomer).
What is the uniting characteristic of all lipids?
They are all at least mostly hydrophobic!
How many electrons does oxygen want to give/take to have a full valence shell?
Wants to take 2.
What are van der waals interactions and what are hydrogen bonds? Which is stronger and why?
Hydrogen bonds are due to polar interactions that are permanent. van der waals interactions are slight fluctuating interactions and are therefore much weaker.
What atoms are found in hydrocarbons? What type of bonds?
Hydrogen and Carbon; covalent bonds
What is the general chemical formula for a carbohydrate? How is this related to the name "carbohydrate"?
(CH2O)n
carbon (carbo) and water (hydrate)
What are the four types of lipids?
-fats/oils
-phospholipids
-steroids
-waxes
What are the mass, symbol, and atomic number of nitrogen? (look at the periodic table)
N has a mass of 14.007 amu and an atomic number of 7.
Name at least four properties of water and why they are important for life on Earth.
cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, solid less dense than liquid, universal solvent
What is the difference between an aliphatic ring and an aromatic ring?
Aliphatic is single bonded, aromatic is alternating double and single.
What type of organism are cellulose and starch found in? What is the role of each?
plants use starch for energy storage and cellulose for structure
What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?
Unsaturated fats have double bonds in their fatty acid chains, while saturated fats do not.
If all green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis, then any green plant placed in the dark would not synthesize glucose, the end product of photosynthesis. Is this reasoning deductive or inductive?
Deductive, since it applies a general principle to a specific instance.
Imagine an ocean full of water was full of something with a lower specific heat capacity instead. How would the temperature near the ocean differ?
More extreme temperature swings.
Will an amino group and a methyl group interact very well? What might interact more favorably with the amino group?
Not very well, something like a carboxyl would be better (opposite charge).
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis removes water to make bonds, hydrolysis uses water to break bonds.
What is one function of each type of lipid?
-fats/oils: energy storage, insulation, vitamin adsorption
-phospholipids: cell membranes
-steroids: cell signaling
-waxes: water protection
Pick any living organism and draw it (if you want to). Explain why it does/doesn't fit the characteristics of living things.
-organization
-reproduction
-set of instructions
-need energy
-respond to stimuli
-homeostasis
-adapt/evolve as species
Draw an ionic bond between hypothetical element A and hypothetical element B. Draw a covalent bond between hypothetical element C and hypothetical element D. What is different about these two bonds?
Ionic has charges, covalent has shared electrons.
Draw a set of structural isomers and a set of geometric isomers. How are the two types different?
structural is different arrangement of atoms, geometric is different arrangement spatially.
Draw a hypothetical pentose that is also an aldose.
5 carbons and an aldehyde
Draw a phospholipid bilayer. What areas are hydrophobic and what areas are hydrophilic? Why is this important?
Hydrophilic on the outsides, hydrophobic in the middle. This helps the cell control what comes in and out.