Evolution
Population Genetics
Species & Speciation
Phylogenetics
Plants
100
In the case of Darwin's finches, how did they prove evolution happened?
comparing between generations, change over time
100
p and q represent __________, while p^2, 2pq, and q^2 represent __________.
allele frequency, genotype frequency
100
Mechanical isolation and behavioral isolation are examples of this reproductive isolating mechanism
pre-zygotic
100
Briefly describe phylogenetics as a species concept
Identifies species by evolutionary history; species related by common ancestry
100
List three challenges to plant life on land.
any 3 out of this list -->
- UV radiation
- desiccation
- exchanging gases
- supporting plant body in air
- obtaining nutrients
- exchanging gametes
- dispersal
200
If there are no forces of evolution acting on a population and the population does not mate randomly, could the population be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No; the population must be mating randomly
200
C=like cilantro c=hate cilantro 157 people participated in a survey about their thoughts on cilantro. 112 reported liking cilantro as a nice garnish to a dish, while 45 reported hating it saying it tasted like soap. What is the genotype frequency of the cc genotype?
0.29 (45/1567)
200
Describe the differences between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation
Allopatric: Gene flow is prevented due to geographic isolation
Sympatric: New species arise NOT due to geographic isolation (usually due to selection)
200
Describe the difference between homology and homoplasy.
homology - similar traits due to shared ancestry (homologous traits)
homoplasy - similar traits for reasons other than common ancestry (ie. function; analogous traits)
200
Define the following terms about plant life cycles: gamete, spore, gametophyte, and sporophyte.
(hint- be sure to include if each part is haploid or diploid)
gamete - haploid cell that fuses with another gamete to produce diploid organism
spore - haploid cell that grows directly into an organism via mitosis
gametophyte - haploid part of life cycle that produces gametes
sporophyte - diploid part of life cycle that produces spores
300
What is the formula for finding heritability?
H = Vg / Vp
Vg = variation due to differences in genes
Vp = total phenotypic variability
300
In a population of black-spotted, orange-spotted, and black & orange spotted koi fish, black-spotted fish are exclusively mating with orange-spotted fish. Spot color is controlled by a single gene. What kind of mating pattern is this, and what will happen to the genotype frequencies over time?
Negative assortative mating; heterozygotes (black & orange spotted fish) will become the dominant genotype due to codominance
300
Researchers collect 100 squirrels and based off their physical characteristics determine that there are 4 different species of squirrels present. What species concept did they use? What is the alternative species concept they may have used and how would you test it?
Morphological Species Concept - b/c they observed physical differences
Biological species concept is the alternative and may be tested by assessing if mating is possible between all the squirrels found.
300
If all mammals have hair, and some primates have opposable thumbs, would opposable thumbs, hair, both, or neither be synampmorphies of primates? (Hint: pandas also have opposable thumbs)
Neither; not all primates have opposable thumbs, so opposable thumbs are not a trait unique to them. Primates are not the only mammals with hair, so hair is not a trait unique to them either.
300
What is the reason for the adaptation of vascular tissue in plants and what are examples of them?
to avoid desiccation and obtaining water
examples - tracheids, vessels
400
Briefly describe each postulate you would test to determine if evolution would occur in a given population?
1. Is the population variable? (ex. sample variance)
2. Is the variation heritable? (ex. heritability)
3. Are more offspring produced than can survive? (ex. reproductive potentials)
4. Are survival and reproduction nonrandom?
400
In a population of 76 tree frogs, 44 of them have orange feet while 32 of them have white feet. Orange feet is a dominant trait while white feet is a recessive trait. How many heterozygote frogs are in this population?
34
32/76=q^2, p=1-q, 2pq*76=34.58 -> 34 frogs
400
A large group of rabbits is cut off from the main population when a six-lane highway is built through their forest. Over many generations, the large group of rabbits begins to develop darker fur in response to the dominant foliage on one side of the highway. When rabbits from the two populations are brought together, they no longer reproduce with each other. What kind of speciation does this represent?
Allopatric - geographic isolation when two populations of a species become separate species by being physically separated; sympatric is divergence while in the same geographic habitat
400
Which of the derived characteristics is shared by kangaroos and foxes, but is not seen in platypuses?
Viviparity
400
What is the main principle of alteration of generations in plants?
life cycle that has a multicellular haploid stage