Exam 1 Review
Name the four biomolecules
Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Nucleic Acids
What does the thin filament contain?
Troponin, Tropomyosin, Actin
What is wave summation?
When another stimulus is applied to a muscle before the previous stimuli's relaxation period is complete, resulting in a stronger contraction.
Define isometric and isotonic contractions.
Isometric: Stays the same length
Isotonic: Changes length
What is aerobic metabolism versus anaerobic metabolism?
Aerobic - uses oxygen
Anaerobic - does not require oxygen
What is an example of a positive feedback loop? Negative feedback loop?
Negative: Thermoregulation
Positive: Birth
How does Ca2+ reenter the SR when the muscle stops contracting?
Ca++ pumps, uses ATP.
Compare fused tetanus and unfused tetanus.
Unfused tetanus occurs when the stimulation rate produces partial summation of individual twitches.
Fused tetanus occurs when the stimulation rate produces full summation of individual twitches. There is no partial relaxation between twitches.
What is PCSA? Does a smaller or larger PCSA generate more force?
Physiological cross-sectional area. Larger PCSA generates more force.
Sources of ATP at rest: Which method of ATP production is used?
Aerobic metabolism
Name the three types of muscle tissue. Give examples of each.
Cardiac - heart
Smooth - small intestine
Skeletal - deltoid
What is the breakdown of ATP called? What does ATP break down into?
ATP hydrolysis; ADP & Pi
Which is longer, period of contraction or period of relaxation? Why?
Period of relaxation is longer - the calcium has to go back into the SR using active transport through the calcium pumps (needs ATP and takes longer).
What is an agonist? Antagonist? Synergist?
Agonist: prime mover, provides major force
Antagonist: opposes the agonist
Synergist: assists agonist and stabilizes joint
Why is creatine phosphate (CP) important?
Source of ATP:
ADP uses the phosphate from CP to make ATP.
What type of tissues(s) does the stomach contain?
All four types! All organs contain all tissue types.
Briefly explain the four steps of bone reformation after a bone fracture.
1. Bone fragments are broken down and cleaned up.
2. Cartilaginous callus forms.
3. Boney callus forms, spongey bone formation.
4. Compact bone formation.
What is the specific stimulus that triggers muscle contraction?
Ach binding to NT receptors/chemically gated channels.
(Ashlee: pull up slide)
What types of muscles are these? Which is able to generate more force? Why?
Parallel and Bipennate. Bipennate generates more force because of larger PCSA and more muscle fibers.
What is a reason fatigue can occur?
Lack of ATP, build up of lactic acid.
Explain intramembranous bone formation. What kind of bones use this formation type?
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts deposit osteoid that later calcifies into bone.
Small units of bone unite into trabeculae. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts surround the developing bone, forming periosteum.
Periosteum deposits compact bone and remodels trabeculae.
Flat bones: clavicle, mandible, flat bones of the skull.
Name the three structural classifications of joints and all of their subtypes.
Fibrous: Suture, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis
Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis, Symphysis
Synovial: Ball and Socket, Pivot, Condylar, Planar/Gliding, Saddle, Hinge
What would happen if the SR calcium pumps worked faster?
The period of relaxation would finish faster.
Name the three factors that determine the number of cross-bridges used during muscle contraction.
1. Sarcomere's length at time of contraction
2. Frequency of stimulation
3. Size of fiber (diameter)
Source of ATP during vigorous activity: What is the main substrate used? Method(s) of ATP production?
Glucose; mainly anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) with some aerobic metabolism.