Definitions
Implications
Who's Who
Pot Luck
What is this?
100
Conversational language
What is Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills BICS
100
Some students may need to "negotiate" this aspect of themselves as they see how who they are fits with who the school thinks they should be.
What is identity
100
An Eugene-based organization that engages in Native Language Revitalization here in the Northwest.
Who is NILI.
100
Possible result of teachers assuming ELL's that are fluent in conversation also have academic knowledge and language proficiency.
What is mistakenly label them as special education.
100
The act of switching and mixing languages within a sentence or longer conversation, or between audiences.
What is code-switching.
200
Language for academic purposes
What is Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency CALP
200
According to Cummins, schools have different aims. They might say they "teach English to bilingual children in order to create a harmonious society," but they might really "Anglicize bilingual children because linguistic and cultural diversity are seen as a threat to social cohesion." These are examples of what?
What are overt and covert aims
200
Brought to educators attention the distinction between BICS and CALP.
Who is Jim Cummins
200
The act of decoding a word, but not comprehending what you are saying.
What is word-calling.
200
According to Cummins, one dimension of language skills is missing from the conversational/academic distinction used by most scholars.
What are discrete language skills.
300
What a student already knows about a subject or understands about the conventions of language.
What is background knowledge/prior knowledge
300
The time it may take for academic success and a full development of both BICS and CALP.
What is 5 to 7 years.
300
Raises concerns about "skills" versus "process" approaches to reading and writing instruction, suggesting that process approaches may disproportionately negatively affect students of color.
Who Lisa Delpit
300
The time it takes to develop "social language" or BICS.
What is 18 months to 2 years.
300
Discourse patterns and values that are reflected in our educational system primarily held by White, middle class students and teachers in schools and in dominant society.
What is the "culture of power."
400
Language that is used in a way that makes it understandable to the learner.
What is comprehensible input
400
A view that blames students for their lack of academic achievement.
What is deficit thinking.
400
Supports Cummins and believes knowledge of first language transfers to a childs second language.
Who is Stephen Krashen.
400
The quadrant of Cummins' Range of Contextual Support chart that he argues should encompass most instructional activities.
What is Quadrant B: Contextually Embedded and Cognitively Demanding.
400
Phonological, literacy, and grammatical knowledge that students require as a result of direct instruction and both formal and informal practice.
What are discrete language skills?
500
This rationale against bilingual education states that children learn in a language they don't understand.
What is the linguistic mismatch hypothesis.
500
One reason that bilingual/bicultural students may not want to conform to speaking mainstream English.
What is being perceived as "acting White," feeling alienated from their community and seen as an outsider, or experience has told them that this "promissory note" won't pay off in the long run (among other reasons).
500
This theorist made the distinction between voluntary and involuntary minorities.
Who is John Ogbu
500
The two misconceptions in Cummins' book about the nature of language proficiency.
What is 1) drawing inferences about a child's ability to think logically on the basis of their language proficiency, and 2) using conversational language skills as a valid index of overall proficiency in the language.
500
This rationale against bilingual education claims that if children are deficient in English, then surely they require this.
What is maximum exposure to English.
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