R
Guillian-Barre syndrome has this effect on the PNS
Inflammation of myelin sheath
Which type of resistance circuit will contribute to a total increase in resistance, in-series or in parallel?
In series
Which pulmonary pathology appears on a radiograph as a "fluffy cloud-like" appearance
Bonus: give another name for this
Alveolar infiltrate; consolidation
Tropomyosin C binds this:
Calcium
If Extracellular fluid is hypertonic, which direction will blood flow in relation to the cells
Out of the cells
Bonus: increase in the value above would correspond the the drug having decreased _________?
EC50; potency
The anterior intercostal arteries arise from which blood supply?
Internal thoracic arteries
M2 muscarinic activation in the heart has an effect on contractility in which heart chambers?
Atrial contractility
These receptors sense changes is plasma solute concentrations and control thirst
osmoreceptors
Increase in blood viscosity and vessel length will have this effect on blood flow
Decrease
ACE inhibitors block with enzymatic reaction
Ang 1 to Ang 2
This neurotransmitter is used to relay info between the pre-synaptic neuron and Chromaffin cells in the kidney
Ach
Aortic stenosis will have this effect on SV and CO
decrease, due to increased afterload
This branch of the Vagus nerve courses superiorly after wrapping around the aortic arch on the left and the Subclavian artery on the right
Recurrent Laryngeal nerves
Catecholamines (dopa, epi, norep) are primarily degraded by these two enzymes
COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) and MAO (monoamine oxidase)
Raphe Nuclei
Bernard Soulier Syndrome (IDK how to spell it) is due to a defect in which platelet molecule?
vWFR
Those with malignant hyperthermia have a defect in this protein
Increased heart rate allows increased contractile force via this mechanism:
Bonus: phosphorylation of this enzyme increases activity of SERCA in the SR of the heart
More action potentials = more intracellular calcium = stronger contraction force; Phospholambin
Depolarization of the SA node is due to the influx of what:
Bonus: Depolarization of Ventricular muscle is due to what:
Calcium, via L-type calcium channels
Na+
The name of the disease in which squamous epithelia of the esophagus is replaced with simple columnar and goblet cells.
Bonus: name the type of cellular adaptation
Barrett's esophagus
Metaplasia
In smooth muscle, this must occur on myosin before it is able to interact with actin to contract:
Bonus: what enzyme acts on myosin
Bonus Bonus: which portion of myosin does the enzyme act on?
Phosphorylation by MLCK. Myosin light chain is phossed.
in a graph of atrial pressure, which is responsible for the C-wave, noticed right after the AV valves close
Bonus: The C-wave corresponds with which letter(s) on an ECG?
Ventricular contraction: pushes the AV valve into the atria, increasing pressure
QRS (ventricular depolarization/contraction
NMDA gated channels, ionotropic glutamate receptors, need both ligand binding and voltage changes to open. Changes in intracellular voltage lead to the removal of this, which normally blocks the channel
Mg2+
A patient suffering from Syndrome of Inapproriate ADH secretion will likely initially have ECF fluid that is in which state of tonicity
hypotonic/hypoosmolar