Chemistry of Life
The number of protons and neutrons in an element.
What is an element's mass number?
A cell that does not have membrane-bounded organelles
What is a prokaryote?
A type of diffusion that requires help from carriers or channels
A reaction that consumes energy to build a large molecule from smaller building blocks.
What is an anabolic reaction?
The phase of the cell cycle where sister chromatids appear
What is S phase?
The group of elements that have a full valence shell, and thus, do not participate in chemical reactions.
What are noble gases?
Ribosomes, plasma membrane, and DNA
What are the components common to ALL living cells?
A solution in which the solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside, causing water to rush out of the cell (and the cell shrivels)
What is a hypertonic solution?
By lowering the activation energy of an exergonic reaction.
How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
The phase of cell division where homologous chromosomes pair up.
What is prophase I of meiosis I?
A type of chemical reaction in which electrons are shared unequally.
What is a polar covalent bond?
The digestive organelle of a cell
What is a lysosome?
A transport mechanism that moves one solute DOWN its concentration, while also moving another solute AGAINST its concentration gradient.
What is cotransport?
A non-substrate molecule binding to an enzyme at a region that is NOT the enzyme's active site.
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
The model of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule is composed of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
A polymer of amino acids.
What is a polypeptide? (or a protein)
The largest of the three components of the cytoskeleton; responsible for movement of cilia and flagella
What are microtubules?
The most common pump in animal cells.
What is the Na+/K+ pump?
The first stage of cellular respiration that produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and SOME ATP. (Hint: this process can occur with or without O2.)
What is glycolysis?
A deleterious type of point mutation that causes a premature stop codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
The type of bond that links together two carbohydrate monomers
What is a glycosidic linkage?
The cell-cell junction that allows two animal cells to exchange cytoplasmic material
What is a gap junction?
An enzyme that uses a H+ gradient to create ATP/energy. (Hint: it's right after the electron transport chain!)
What is ATP synthase?
The method of gene expression regulation in bacteria where the end product of a pathway shuts off expression for the genes in that pathway?
What is negative regulation?