Homeostasis
What type of feedback is homeostasis an example of?
negative feedback
What gland do hypothalamic hormones act on?
pituitary gland
What is the synpase comprised of?
axon terminal of presynaptic cell, cell body/dendrites of postsynaptic cell + synaptic cleft
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers in controls
What are 2 differences between innate and adaptive immunity (think cell type and how they recognize pathogens)?
innate: phagocytic cells and mast cells; recognizes traits shared by many pathogens
adaptive: T cells and B cells; recognizes traits SPECIFIC to particular pathogens
What are the 3 components of a homeostatic control system?
sensor, control center, effector
ADH and oxytocin
What ion is involved in releasing neurotransmitters?
Ca2+
What are the names of the thin and thick filaments in sarcomeres?
actin and myosin
Give one ex. for each of the following: 1) lack of response 2) overactive response 3) incorrect response
1) HIV causing AIDS by killing helper T cells
2) Allergies
3) Autoimmune diseases like MS and T1D
When blood glucose levels are below the normal range, what hormone is released and by what cells?
glucagon released by pancreatic alpha cells
What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
anterior= can make its own hormones; posterior= can NOT makes its own hormones (releases hormones made by the hypothalamus)
A drug decreases extracellular Ca2+ levels significantly. What would the effect of this drug be on presynaptic potentials and postsynaptic potentials?
no effect on presynaptic potential, decreased amplitude of postsynaptic potential
When is Ca2+ released from the SR and why is it needed for cross-bridge formation?
after AP is generated in muscle fiber; need to bind to troponin and move tropomyosin away (exposes myosin binding site on actin) so that myosin can bind to actin
What is the difference between class I MHC and class II MHC?
all your body cells have class I MHC, but antigen-presenting cells have both class I and class II MHC
type 1= no insulin; type 2= unable to respond to insulin
What are the names of the hormones and glands involved in the thyroid hormone endocrine pathway?
hypothalamus--> TRH
anterior pituitary --> TSH
thyroid gland --> T3/T4
What is the difference between IPSP and EPSP?
IPSP= results in hyperpolarization (less likely to generate AP)
ESPS= results in depolarization (more likely to generate AP)
Why does rigor mortis occur?
no ATP, so myosin can not detach from actin (new cross-bridge can not form)
What activates helper T cells? What do helper T cells activate?
when TCR on T cell receptor binds to antigen presented by class II MHC, it activates the helper T cell
helper T cells release cytokines to activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells
what is the best treatment for type 1 diabetes?
insulin injections
What are the TRH and TSH levels in a patient that overproduces thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and what is one physical symptom this person may have?
low TRH and TSH levels; weight loss/feel hot
An antagonistic drug (ie. able to bind to the target receptor but produces no response) competes with the neurotransmitter for binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. What effect will this drug have on the postsynaptic cell?
decreased postsynaptic cell potential
A drug blocks the activity of AChE (an enzyme that breaks down ACh). What effect will this drug have on the action potentials in the motor neuron and skeletal muscle?
Explain how vaccines work using the concepts of antibody, antigen, B cells, helper T cell, and memory B cells
APC present antigens from the flu viruses on their surface using class II MHC --> Helper T cells with corresponding TCR activate B cells --> clonal expansion of B cells which differentiate into plasma cells (that make antibodies against flu antigen) and memory B cells