Early 1900s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Current
100
Allowed equal access to all services and removed "separate, but equal" from legislation.
What is The Fourteenth Ammendment
100
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) issued an interpretation of the Title VII regulations that prohibited the denial of access to educational programs because of a student’s limited English proficiency.
What is the 1970 Memorandum
100
Established and Enforced minimums for implementation of language remedy programs. Required for the redesignation of students from LEP (Limited English Proficient) to FEP (Fluent English Proficient) status.
What is Illinois v. Gomez
100
State initiative in Utah promotes English-only laws in the state government.
What is American Civil Liberties Union of Utah (ACLU)
100
Establishes English as the official language of the United States. Requires naturalization ceremonies and official functions of the U.S. government, subject to exceptions, to be conducted in English. Declares that all citizens should be able to read and understand generally the English language text of U.S. laws.
What is English Language Unity Act of 2015
200
Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
200
Civil rights case that was brought by Chinese American students living in San Francisco, California that reaffirm the 1970 Memorandum. They were denied access and participation in an educational program because the students have the inability to speak or understand English.
What is Lau v. Nichols
200
US Supreme Court reasoned that illegal aliens and their children, though not citizens of the United States or Texas, are people “in any ordinary sense of the term” and, therefore, are afforded Fourteenth Amendment protections. Allowed illegal immigrant children a free public education.
What is Plyer v. Doe
200
Requires California public schools to teach LEP students in special classes that are taught nearly all in English. This provision had the effect of eliminating "bilingual" classes in most cases. The bill's intention was to educate Limited English proficiency students in a rapid, one-year program.
What is California Proposition 227 (1998)
200
Act that attempted to level the playing field for students who were disadvantaged. It required annual testing and required States to bring all students, including those in special education, up to the “proficient” level on tests.
What is No Child Left Behind Act
300
In 1963 the success of a __________ for Cuban refugee children in Dade County, Florida, inspired the implementation of similar programs elsewhere.
What is the Successful Two-way bilingual program in Florida
300
The failure by an education agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by students in an instructional program.
What is Equal Education Act of 1974
300
Required that bilingual instruction be given by qualified teachers. The four basic components that are regulated are identification, assessment, services, and exit.
What is Civil Rights Language Minority Regulations 1980
300
Four School Districts in California are granted _______ by the State Board of Education which allowed them to be exempt from compliance with the requirements of the Bilingual Education Act. ________ allowed districts to create “sheltered English immersion” programs that also demolish their bilingual education programs.
What is Waivers of the Bilingual Education Act
300
Is a ballot initiative that was passed by 63% of Arizona voters on November 7, 2000. This piece of legislation limited the type of instruction available to English Language Learner (ELL) students.
What is Proposition 203 passed in Arizona
400
Revised the law from 1870 and required immigrants to learn English in order to become naturalized citizens.
What is the The Naturalization Act of 1906
400
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare established basic guidelines for schools who have students who are Limited English Proficient (LEP). Regulations found in Lau v. Nichols.
What are Lau Remedies
400
A three-pronged test was made to determine whether schools are taking "appropriate action" to address the needs of ELLs as required by the EEOA. It mandates that programs for language-minority students must be (1) based on a sound educational theory, (2) implemented effectively with sufficient resources and personnel, and (3) evaluated to determine whether they are effective in helping students overcome language barriers. Schools need to do something to meet the needs of ELL students.
What is Castaneda vs. Pichard
400
Gave historical importance as repudiating past policies of eradicating Indian Languages by declaring as policy that Native Americans were entitled to use their own languages. The fundamental basis of the policy's declaration was that the United States "declares to preserve, protect and promote the rights and freedoms of Native Americans to use practice and develop Native American Languages".
What is Native American Languages Act of 1990
400
Replaced the No Student Left Behind Act in December 2015. This new act still follows the same philosophy of NCLB, but it eliminated some of its most controversial provisions (NCLB relied too much on standardized testing and penalties were too harsh for students who were not on the “right” track. Now focuses more on the idea of the "Common Core".
What is Every Student Succeeds Act
500
The time when few or no remedial real English immersion programs were available. Non-English speaking students are generally held at the same grade level until enough English is mastered to advance in subject areas. The students would have to go to class with everyone and fail or succeed entirely on their own efforts.
What are the Sink or Swim Years (1920-1960)
500
The court ordered Portales Municipal Schools to design an educational plan that addressed national origin minority students’ needs by implementing a bilingual and bicultural curriculum, reviewing testing procedures to assess achievement in that curriculum, and recruiting and hiring bilingual school personnel.
What is Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools
500
Established the legal responsibility of the State Department of Education to monitor implementation of programs for LEP students.
What is Idaho vs. Migrant Council 1981
500
In 1999 the California State Board of Education adopts the _______ that are coordinated with the Language Arts/Reading Content Standards, which provide framework for program design and development and purchase of supporting instructional materials and providing a high-quality program that will enable them to attain proficiency in English.
What is English Language Development Standards
500
Looked at the impact of Proposition 227 five years later and the results showed that there was no significant difference in English-only versus bilingual education approaches to instructing English Language Learners.
What is AIR/WestEd Study
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