Court Cases
Lau v Nichols
Claiming Chinese students were not provided equal oppor. (SLA) violated the 14th amendment and the civil rights act of 1964. Parents won and the district promoted bilingual/bicultural edu.
What is the 10th Amendment?
emphasizes the principles of federalism, saying that the states have control of the powers not directly assigned to the central government in the Constitution.
Xenophobia
Fear as being seen as foreign or strange. (out of the norm)
Coral Way Elementary
Dade County, FL in 1960 created the first dual language program
1918
instituted English-only rule in education. "Vilified" speaking other languages.
Plyer v Doe
1980 granted free public education to undocumented students in the United States. Challenged a law that permitted tx to withhold state funds for districts educating children of undocumented parents. Protected by 14 Amendment, public schools couldn't deny/ask the legal status of undocumented parents.
What is the 14th amendment?
no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S.; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws.
The Memorandum of 1970
Department of health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).
HEW reinstated the responsibilities of the district to take affirmative steps to correct language deficiency.
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka
1954 Brown won because it was in violation of the 14th Amendment. declared the separate but equal doctrine unconstitutional. Ruling mandated desegregation to the whole nation (Plessy v Ferguson)
1920
offered home-based reading and writing instruction in Spanish. "Escuelitas" program. (40 years to change)
Castaneda v Pichard
quality addressed again when Raymondville, TX was charged w violating EEOA of 1974. Ruled program implementation must be based on research, adequate resources, and opportunities. (mandated)
Treaty of Guadalupe
gave the U.S. official control over Texas and the territory today known as the American Southwest.
Office for Civil Rights Memorandum of 1970. (OCR)
required districts to offer appropriate instruction to address the educational needs of language minority students. Also prohibited the use of data relying as a reason to assign to SPED.
Incorporated its content into the compliance procedure for Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964(Castro Feinberg 1990).
Keyes v Scool District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
1973 legal action was taken arguing that it placed students in racially segregated schools that were inferior to white schools and that it violated the 14 A. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. The significance is that it was a non-southern state.
1964
The Loredo school district became the first district in Texas to offer bilingual education.
Rios v Reed
1978 addressed program quality. Violated the rights of ELs by having a "half-hearted" program. The court upheld and acknowledged the importance of incorporating culture to provide meaningful education. Called for the use of L1 instruction. Foundation for many bilingual programs.
What is the significance of December 1845?
U.S. President John Tyler signed the legislation to annex Texas, and Texas became the 28th state.
What are the components of the Bilingual Program?
affective component, linguistic component, and cognitive component.
Lau Remedies
1975using the OCR memo, EEOA, and Lau v Nichols, the memo instituted the Lau remedies. Described how to identify and evaluate students in bilingual programs. applied criteria to measure language development in English.
1973
19 school districts in TX received Title VII (ESEA, A965)
Mandated Bilingual Education from grades 1-6.
SB121
Meyer v Nebraska
1923 Nebraska teacher was found guilty of teaching in German. 14th amendment assisted in appealing the decision in the teacher's favor.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibits discrimination on the basis of color, race, or national origin in any program receiving federal funding
The Texas Association for Bilingual Education was founded in San Antonio. (TABE)
1972
Direct Intervention of the Federal Government
1965-2001 Lyndon B. Johnson (ESEA Elementary and secondary Edu Act) Title 1: helped children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, Title VII: billing ed act.
2001- changed to No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
1987
K-12
DL instruction became an optional program to be used in place of TBE
SB477