Bilinguals
Someone who acquired both languages at the same time (usually from birth)
What is a Simultaneous Bilingual?
Someone who speaks 2 languages to native or near-native-like levels
What is a bilingual (narrow)?
Hawai’ian Pidgin and Tok Pisin are examples of this
What is a creole?
Proficiency in a language
What is fluency?
Someone who is raised in a home where a minority language is spoken and who speaks (or at least understands) the minority language in addition to the dominant language
What is a Heritage Speaker?
Someone who learned a second language after their primary language was established
What is a Sequential Bilingual?
Someone who uses 2+ languages in everyday life
What is a bilingual (broad)?
The norm in societies
What is bilingualism/multilingualism?
A language not used in the wider community/society
What is a Minority Language?
Someone who acquired their L2 before the age of six
What is an Early Sequential Bilingual?
Someone who speaks one language better than the other
What is an Unbalanced Bilingual?
A language variety that is ungrammatical and unsystematic, and is NOT a language. It often develops as a result of colonialism, slavery, trade, or a mixture of/or other similar circumstances
What is a pidgin?
The only language spontaneously created, without the influence of other languages, to have been recorded from its birth
What is Nicaraguan Sign Language?
The environments and contexts in which a speaker uses their languages, as well as the functions for which they use them
What are the Domains of Use?
It is systematic and requires significant knowledge of the language; it’s actually a sign of cognitive flexibility and is often done based on social context
What is code-switching?
Someone who acquires their L2 after the age of six and before adulthood
What is a Late Sequential Bilingual?
Speakers using non-technical vocabulary and simple sentence structure, and avoiding words used in only one dialect
What is Simplification?
The key to the creation of a creole. They insert grammar and systematicity into the pidgin and thus make it a fully formed language (aka a creole)
What are children?
The gradual loss of language competence owing to lack of use
What is Language Attrition?
When a speaker population uses two language varieties for different functions
What is Diglossia?
Someone able to understand two languages but cannot or chooses not speak one of them
What is a Passive Bilingual?
Speakers adjusting their speech to match the person they are talking to - including pronunciation, vocabulary, length of sentences, and non-verbal gestures
What is Accommodation?
a) the practice of using two languages in the same lesson
b) bilinguals and multilingual speakers select and deploy their languages from a unitary linguistic repertoire
What is translanguaging?
The idea that bilinguals tend to acquire and use their languages for different purposes, in different domains of life, and with different people
What is the Complementarity Principle?
The language that supplies much of the vocabulary for the resulting language in a contact situation (often the language of the socially or politically dominant group)
What is a superstrate language?