Heme Theme
The majority of heme is synthesized for this protein
What is hemoglobin?
Bilirubin is conjugated in this organ
What is the liver?
This is the maximum normal value for total bilirubin
What is 1.0 mg/dl?
This treatment for high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood isomerizes bilirubin to a more water-soluble form
What is phototherapy (bili lights)?
When (unconjugated) bilirubin is not bound to albumin, this type of damage can occur
What is permanent CNS damage (such as bilirubin encephalopathy/kernicterus)?
These cells in the spleen are responsible for the breakdown of hemoglobin
What are macrophages?
This intramolecular interaction makes bilirubin lipophilic
What is internal hydrogen binding?
Direct bilirubin accounts for these forms of bilirubin
What are conjugated bilirubin (ALL) and unconjugated bilirubin (some)?
When total bilirubin is elevated, high direct bilirubin (>15% of total bilirubin) is typically due to a defect in this process
What is the removal of conjugated bilirubin?
This condition is related to elevated bilirubin in the blood (over 3 mg/dl in adults or over 5 mg/dl in newborns)
What is jaundice?
Heme is broken down into biliverdin and iron in a process catalyzed by this enzyme
What is heme oxygenase?
The conjugation of bilirubin with a molecule (or two) of glucuronic acid is catalyzed by this enzyme
What is UDP-glucuronosyltransferase?
Under normal circumstances, unconjugated bilirubin makes up approximately this percentage of all bilirubin in the blood
What is 95%?
An individual has a total bilirubin of 3.0 mg/dl and a direct bilirubin of 0.3 mg/dl, so it is likely that either (or both) of these issues occurred
What are impaired conjugation and overproduction of bilirubin?
Primary biliary cirrhosis is an example of a disease that can lead to this type of bile accumulation in the liver
What is intrahepatic cholestasis?