Pathophysiology
common viral causes of meningitis
influenza, arbovirus, herpesvirus
Abdominal pain; diarrhoea; dizziness; eosinophilia; headache
most effective way to protect public from meningitis
vaccines
common symptoms of meningitis
fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, confusion
which medical conditions put an individual at increased risk of meningitis
Weakened immune system, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, absence of spleen
typical line of treatment for someone with viral meningitis
no treatment
what is reproduction (R) number
average number of new individuals who will contract an infectious disease from a single infected person
common signs of bacterial meningitis
elevated opening pressure, decreased CSF glucose, high CSF proteins, cloudy CSF fluid
detail damage caused in CNS from meningitis
elevated ICP, cerebral oedema, meningeal irritation, neuronal death
alongside antibiotics, what class of drugs may be prescribed to someone experiencing inflammation in the brain
corticosteroids
define surveillance
collection, collation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of information so that action can be taken
flex hip and knee at 90 degree, and try to extend the knee. Positive sign would see pain/resistance, indicating inflammation of meninges
common type of bacteria that can cause bacterial meningitis
streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidus
first line of treatment for patients with suspected bacterial meningitis
ceftriaxone
name each step of the chain of infection and give an example of how it could be stopped
why are CSF protein levels higher in bacterial meningitis
more permeable blood brain barrier (due to inflammation). Proteins leaks form blood into the subarachnoid space
layout/describe the pathogenesis of meningitis
Pathogen invasion of subarachnoid space. Immune system activation . Immune cells and the damaged endothelial cells release such as cytokines and nitric oxide. This induces vasodilation in cerebral vasculature, and induce changes in BBB. Leads to expression of more leukocyte receptors. Increases WBC binding and extravasion. Further damage to meninges.
what to give to a patient with bacterial meningitis who also has an allergy to beta lactam antibiotics
choramphenicol
what is a NOID
notification of infectious disease
why are CSF glucose levels decreased in bacterial meningitis?
inflammation of meninges leads to decreased glucose receptor expression