B
Louis XIV
The King during the main French Revolution who was executed
Isaac Newton
-English physicist and mathematician during the Scientific Revolution
-Created the law of gravity and the three laws of motion
Napoleon exiled
-Elba, St. Helena
Fall of the Bastille
-Many of the prison garrisons were killed the governor of the prison was hacked to death
-Mob freed the political prisoners
-Mayor of Paris was killed and his head put on a pike
Guy Fawkes
-Organizer of the Gun Powder Plot
-Was caught and killed
Humanism
-Emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual
-Emphasized the value of the Greek and Latin classics for their own sake, rather than for their relevance to Christianity
Three Estates
-The estates were the classes in France
1. Clergy
2. Nobility
3. Third Estate - Everyone else
Thomas Hobbes
-Wrote Leviathan
-Believed man was ego-centric, greedy, motivated by pleasure and pain (pessimistic views)
The Jesuits
-A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540
-Founded for missionary work
The Salon
-During the Enlightenment/Early French Revolution, salons were a place where academic societies could gather to discuss the philosophies and their teachings
-Discussed people like Voltaire, the encyclopedists, the physiocrats, and writers
Voltaire
-real name “francois marie arouet”, voltaire was his penname
-the most influential of the philosophes
-commonly referred to as “the architect of the enlightenment”
-Criticised nobility and royalty through his writings and plays
-Criticised organized religion as well, still believed in it, just did not like the Church
Nicholas Copernicus
-Astronomer
-First introduces Heliocentric theory
-The first to challenge traditional beliefs on the Universe
-Paved the way for others in the Scientific Revolution
Nationalism
-the belief that everyone should be completely devoted to their nation
-Loyalty to the nation, self-determination for each nation
-Napoleon caused a lot of nationalism due to his military success, he gained many devoted supporters
-Even after his exile, the general population of France supported him and welcomed him back due to his powerful leadership
New Imperialism
-Quest for rights & possessions in other peoples’ lands
-Industrial capitalism required continual growth
-Western companies wanted to expand to new
areas
-New areas = increased product sales + potential cheap
materials
-European nations competed for markets
-Raw materials
-Political/religious figures wanted to “civilize” areas
-Social Darwinists argued Western race (white) was more advanced ∴ should “civilize” other races
-Wars would ensue in Asian and African countries as a result (surrogate battles)
-Places like India, China, Latin America, and the entire continent of Africa would face the consequences
-Prevented development of African economy and structures as no wealth was shared with the colonial subjects
-The global economic relationship established
during this period have shaped the modern world system and some would argue, are the
foundation of poverty in developing nations in
the twenty-first century.
-The shift from commercial capitalism to
industrial capitalism created greater differences in wealth, and it transformed relations between the colonizers and the
colonized.
Machiavelli
-one of the most significant political thinkers of renaissance
-wrote the prince (full title “how a prince can hold and maintain power”) in 1532
Robespierre
-Robespierre emerged as the leading figure on the Committee of Public Safety
-Was a major player in The Terror, where thousands of people were unfairly prosecuted and executed as “traitors” to the Revolution
-Was the most powerful and influential man of the time, approved the execution of the King despite not having believed in the death penalty previously
Revolutions of 1848
-The most revolutionary year in European history
-Of the major powers, only England and Russia would avoid serious uprisings
-Started in France again, as King Louis Philippe and his policies angered the people (suspended the right of political assembly)
-Caused another French Revolution, ended in a republican form of government for France
-Many German states had revolutions– Berlin, Prussian
revolutionaries demanded constitutional government.
-The German states agreed to try and unify the German states (it will take a little longer)
-France was struggling and the liberals closed public job projects for the poor, so the workers rebelled again but failed
-Napoleon’s nephew won the election, overthrew the Constitution and declared himself Emperor
-Italy would unify
-Germany would unify
-Formed the basis for essentially what is the map of Europe today and created the systems of government they have now
Martin Luther
-Wrote and posted the 95 Theses, which were calls of action to improve the Catholic Church
-Condemned indulgences, etc.
-Started the Protestant Reformation and created Lutheranism
-Caused a split in the Church and also forced the Catholic Church to improve itself in the Counter Reformation
Church and the Scientific Revolution
-Copernicus, Galileo, etc.’s theories all went against Church doctrine
-The Scientific Revolution questioned the Church and their knowledge, as it appeared for the first time that the Church was wrong and did not have the answers
-They went after people like Galileo by trying and condemning him of heresy
-Scientific Revolution made people question things, especially from their governing institutions
Multiplier effect
-The multiplier effect in economics refers to the concept that an initial change in spending can lead to a larger overall change in national income and economic activity.
-This means that a small injection of money into the economy can trigger a series of subsequent rounds of spending, resulting in a larger increase in total income and output.
Renaissance
Movement from very religious-centered life to humanism
Not everything would be viewed from a religious lens anymore
Focus on Earthly life and not just making it to Heaven
Reformation
Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther
Leads to Calvinism, Anglican Church
Call to reform Catholicism and the corrupt practices of the Church
Forced the Church to change in the Counter Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Further rejection of religion, technological advancements
Fundamental understanding of the Universe and Earth changes, disproved the old ways of thought
Medical breakthroughs, mathematics, physics, astronomy
Isaac Newton – gravity
Copernicus – Heliocentric Universe
William Harvey – the heart as a pump
Church undermined, Deism
French Revolution
Rejection of monarchy and traditional class structure
Spawns other revolutions in Europe
Democracy, republic, bloodshed
Republicanism over monarchy (French were the prime example of monarchy/royalty)
Revolt of the masses, class consciousness gained
Industrial Revolution
Capitalism and labour
Marxism: haves and have nots, bourgeoisie vs proletariat
Socialism and other ideologies as well
More production thanks to new technology (e.g. cotton gin)
Poverty, poor living conditions, etc.
Urbanization