Biology Intro
Life!
Prokaryotic Cells - DNA is NOT enclosed in a membrane bound organelle
Eukaryotic Cells - DNA is enclosed in the nucleus (membrane bound organelle)
Name the subatomic particles and their charges
Protons: Positive Charge
Neutrons: Neutral (No Charge)
Electrons: Negative Charge
Name the types of bonds/interactions and state whether they're weak or strong (in a biological context)
Covalent Bond: Strong
Ionic Bond: Weak
Hydrogen Bonds: Weak
Hydrophobic Interactions: Weak
Van der Waals Interactions: Weak
4 types of tissues
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
Why does Natural Selection occur?
Natural selection occurs because resources are limited. --> there is competition for limited resources
The 3 branches of the domain level of taxonomy & which are prokaryotes or eukaryotes
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
What are the 4 major biological elements?
1. Carbon (C)
2. Nitrogen (N)
3. Oxygen (O)
4. Hydrogen (H)
Is being at equilibrium typically a good or bad thing for a living organism?
Bad
Balance this equation: CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O2 + O2
Indicate which are the reactants and which are the products
What is this equation representing?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O2 + 6O2
Left side of arrow = reactants
Right side of arrow = products
Photosynthesis
Name 3 examples of macromolecules
1. Proteins
2. Carbs
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
The 4 minimum requirements to be considered a cell
1. Cell Membrane
2. DNA
3. Ribosomes
4. Cytosol
Explain the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds & draw an example of both bond types on the board.
Polar = Unequal sharing of electrons
Non-Polar = Equal sharing of electrons
Indicate whether these bonds will be single, double, or triple. H2, O2, N2
Are these covalent or ionic bonds?
H2 = single
O2 = double
N2 = triple
Covalent
Explain the difference between isotopes & ions.
Isotopes: An atomic form of an atom that has more neutrons than other atoms of that element --> Behave the same in chemical reactions
Ions: Charged atoms due to a gain or loss of electrons
Name 4 of the 7 aspects of life we discussed in class.
(Hint: this is what we discussed on the first day of class)
1. Reproduction
2. Maintain Homeostasis/Complexity
3. Composed of Cell(s)
4. Metabolism
5. Respond to Stimuli
6. Grow & Develop
7. Evolve
What are the 4 features of a hypothesis that we discussed in class
1. Possible explanation
2. Based on past data; experience; observation
3. Testable by further experimentation
4. Can be falsified, but can never be proven
(See board)
Draw (a) water molecule(s) and label a covalent bond and a hydrogen bond on the board
(See board)
Name the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya and name whether 3 of them are decomposers, producers, or consumers.
1. Protista
2. Fungi (decomposers)
3. Plantae (producers)
4. Animalia (consumers)
Write on the board the 13 categories of life we talked about (list in order of smallest to largest).
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Macromolecules
4. Organelles
5. Cell(s)
6. Tissues
7. Organs
8. Organ System
9. Organism
10. Populations
11. Communities
12. Ecosystem
13. Earth (Bioshpere)
Name the taxonomic levels in order from broadest to most specific (hint: there are 8)
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
Define these terms:
Matter, Element, Compound, Atom, Atomic Number, Mass Number, Valence Shell
Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space
Element: A substance that can't be further broken down by chemical reaction
Compound: 2 or more elements
Atoms: Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element
Atomic Number: Number of protons
Mass Number: The sum of the protons and neutrons
Valence Shell: Outermost shell
Draw all 4 of the biological elements on the board in a electron configuration diagram
(See board for answer)
Describe each of the bonds/interactions we discussed in class.
Covalent - Strong bond in which 2 atoms share a pair of valence electrons
Ionic - A bond between 2 oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen Bonds - Forms when hydrogen is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and is then attracted to a second electronegative atom
Hydrophobic Interactions - Occurs between non-polar, non-ionic molecules; tend to cluster together in an aqueous solution
Van der Waals Interactions - Weak interactions within or between large molecules due to localized charge fluctuations