Properties of Carbon
What gives carbon its unique bonding properties?
Its atomic structure (4 valence electrons)
What are the four biomolecules (macromolecules)?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Where do living organisms get energy?
By breaking bonds
Describe the structure of a cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?
Inputs - sugar, oxygen
Outputs - carbon dioxide, water, ATP (Energy)
What type of bond does carbon typically form?
Covalent Bond
What monomer are carbohydrates made from and what elements are involved?
Monomer - sugar
Elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Describe the two conditions necessary for a chemical reaction to occur?
- have sufficient activation energy
- reactants must be aligned properly (have correct orientation)
Explain why a cell membrane orientates itself the way it does?
The phosphate head is polar (has a charge) and is hydrophillic so points towards the cytoplasm and extra-cellular fluid.
The fatty acid tail is nonpolar (doesn't have a charge) and is hydrophobic so it points towards each other, away from the water.
How does a hydrogen bond work?
Unequal sharing of electrons creates slight charges at the ends of water which attracts it to a different water molecule.
What is the difference between a single, double, and triple bond?
Single - shares 1 pair of electrons
Double - shares 2 pairs of electrons
Triple - shares 3 pairs of electrons
Why does your body prefer lipids as an energy source?
It contains 2.25 times as much energy per gram as carbohydrates.
Explain the difference between usable energy and the total amount of energy as well as how this difference is accounted for in living organisms?
Usable energy is what enables organisms to function and always decreases within an organism because some of the total energy is given off to the surroundings as heat.
How are diffusion and osmosis different?
Diffusion moves the solute across a concentration gradient.
Osmosis moves the solvent across a concentration gradient.
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Reactants - sugar, oxygen
Products - carbon dioxide, water, energy
How are monomers and polymers related?
monomers are the sub-units that make up polymers.
What monomer makes up a protein and what elements are involved?
Monomer - amino acids
Elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
How many Calories per gram does each of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins provide?
Carbohydrates - 4 Calories per gram
Lipids - 9 Calories per gram
Proteins - 4 Calories per gram
What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?
Passive transport doesn't use energy and moves molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Active transport uses energy and moves molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
How does an enzyme help the body maintain homeostasis?
Enzymes help maintain homeostasis by lowering the activation energy need so that reactions can still take place when there are changes in temperature or pH.
What is an isomer?
Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement or structure of their atoms or chemical bonds.
What monomer makes up a nucleic acid and what elements are involved?
Monomer - nucleotide
Elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Cellular respiration breaks bonds in organic molecules such as glucose to form this energy rich molecule?
ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate)
What differentiates facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion through a membrane?
Facilitated diffusion uses a transport proteins while simple diffusion can cross straight through the membrane.
What type of reaction is used to form polymers?
Dehydration synthesis