Name the 2 hormones that regulate blood calcium levels. What effect does each have on blood calcium?
What is calcitonin and parathyroid hormones. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium and parathyroid increases blood calcium
100
The lymph pressure gradient produced by skeletal muscles & breathing movements is called...
What is lymphokinesis
100
During quiet inspiration, what muscle are we using and what is its mechanism of action?
What is the diaphragm; it contracts during inspiration causing an increase in thoracic volume
100
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
What is 4
100
What vessel transports blood from the heart to the lungs?
What is the pulmonary artery
200
Name the 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. What effect do they have on their target cells?
What is epinephrine & norepinephrine. The function to increase the sympathetic effect of the ANS - prolong a fight or flight response
200
Name the organs that comprise the lymphatic system
What are the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils
200
During quiet expiration what muscle(s) are being used and what is their mechanism of action.
What is NONE!!!!
200
Spinal nerves carry what type of information? How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
Both motor and sensory information; 31 pairs
200
Name the 2 determinants of cardiac output
What is heart rate and stroke volume
300
Which 2 hormones function via a positive feedback loop? How?
What is prolactin - stimulates milk production; oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
300
In regards to acquired immunity, give an example of natural active immunity.
What is getting an infection - contact with a pathogen (getting chicken pox)
300
Where are the respiratory control center located?
What is the brainstem
300
Name the 2 components of the peripheral nervous system
What is the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
300
Trace the order of blood flow through vessels, starting with deoxygenated blood
What is venules, veins, heart, arteries, arterioles
400
Briefly describe how a single cell can be effected by many different hormones
Hormones work via a 'lock-and-key' mechanism whereby hormones will only bind to receptor molecules that fit them exactly. A cell can have many different receptors and therefore respond to many different hormones - regulatory functions...
400
Briefly describe the differences between innate and adaptive immunity
Innate - in place and non-specific
Adaptive - learned/acquired and specific
400
What occurs when the pressure in the lung is higher than atmospheric pressure?
Expiration occurs
400
Name the lobes of the cerebrum (5)
What is frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal & insula
400
Name the brain coverings from outside - in
What is dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
500
Briefly describe the mechanisms(3) that control hormone secretion
1. Gland can be sensitive to the changes it produced in its target cell (negative feedback)
2. Gland may be regulated by another gland (tropic)
3. Gland may be regulated by nervous system
500
How are lymph vessels different from veins?
They have thinner walls; contain more valves; contain lymph nodes
500
2 part: More than 2/3 of CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of...?; How does having an excess of CO2 in the blood effect blood pH?
What is bicarbonate; When CO2 reacts with water to form bicarbonate a H+ is produced which can lower pH if there is an excess of CO2 in the blood
500
Outline a monosynaptic knee-jerk reflex arc. DOUBLE points if can also provide the nerve root segment(s) and peripheral nerve this reflex arc acts in...
Stretch of patellar tendon stimulates muscle spindle stretch receptor - sensory (afferent) information travels to spinal cord gray matter - synapse on motor neuron - motor (efferent) information travels back to quadriceps muscle to cause contraction (knee extension)
L2 - 4; Femoral nerve
500
Describe the conduction system through the heart.
What is the SA node; AV node; Bundle of His; Purkinje Fibers