Enzymes & Metabolism
What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
They speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplast.
How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?
23
What process converts a gene's DNA sequence into mRNA?
Transcription
What is the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What term describes all chemical processes occurring in a living organism?
Metabolism.
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis process?
Glucose and oxygen.
What word describes the observable traits of an organism?
Phenotype.
What part of the cell is the site of DNA replication?
The nucleus.
What is the molecule that stores genetic information in cells?
DNA
What part of an enzyme interacts specifically with a substrate?
The active site.
Which phase of cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?
Electron transport chain.
During meiosis, what is the process called when homologous chromosomes pair up?
Synapsis.
What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Amino acids.
What type of macromolecule is used as the primary source of energy in most cells?
Carbohydrates.
What happens to an enzyme if it is exposed to a pH that is too high or too low?
It becomes denatured and loses function.
In the absence of oxygen, what process do yeast cells use to generate energy?
Alcoholic fermentation.
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
To produce identical cells for growth and repair.
What is the mRNA sequence that complements the DNA strand TACGGTAC?
AUGCCAUG.
What property of water allows it to form droplets on surfaces?
Cohesion.
Enzymes belong to which class of macromolecules?
Proteins.
How much ATP is typically produced by the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?
Approximately 36 ATP
Which term describes an allele that must be inherited from both parents to be expressed?
Recessive
What is the purpose of the anticodon found on tRNA?
To match with the codon on mRNA and ensure the correct amino acid is added to the protein chain.
What type of mutation results when a nucleotide is added or removed, changing the reading frame of the genetic code?
Frameshift mutation.