Energy and Enzymes
What would happen to a chemical reaction in the absence of an enzyme?
It would proceed much slower or might not occur at all under normal conditions.
What are the two main products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
What term refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, such as the combination of alleles it carries?
Genotype
What process converts DNA into a complementary mRNA strand?
Transcription.
What is the name of the rigid outer structure found in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
Cell wall
What happens to an enzyme when exposed to extreme heat or pH changes?
It denatures, losing its shape and function.
In cellular respiration, what molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
What is the term for the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I?
Independent assortment.
What molecule delivers the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA
Which element is the backbone of all organic molecules?
Carbon
What is the energy stored in the bonds of molecules called?
Chemical potential energy.
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in the light-dependent reactions?
To absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy.
If a heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a short plant, what percentage of the offspring are expected to be tall?
50%
Where in the cell does DNA replication occur?
The nucleus.
What property of water allows it to stick to other surfaces, such as plant walls?
Adhesion
What is the term for a molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site, preventing the substrate from binding?
Competitive inhibitor.
What process occurs when a molecule of pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation.
What type of inheritance pattern involves both alleles being equally expressed, such as in AB blood type?
codominance
What is the complementary mRNA sequence for the DNA strand GATCGTA?
CUAGCAU.
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cells?
To produce energy in the form of ATP.
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions break down molecules to release energy, while anabolic reactions build molecules using energy.
How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis alone?
Answer: Two ATP (net gain).
2 ATP (net gain)
Which of Mendel’s laws explains why offspring can inherit a combination of traits not found in either parent?
The Law of Independent Assortment.
What is the role of the anticodon on tRNA?
To match with the codon on mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing peptide chain.
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, while osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water across a membrane.