prokaryotes
Organisms with prokaryotic cells are classified in the Domain(s):
1. Bacteria only
2. Archaea only
3. both Bacteria & Archaea
4. Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
5. Eukarya only
3. both Bacteria & Archaea
Scientists estimate that oxygen started building up in early Earth's atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago (bya) due to:
1. photosynthesis by prokaryotes
2. respiration by eukaryotes
3. volcanic eruptions
4. bombardment by meteors
1. photosynthesis by prokaryotes
All of the following are true of thermophiles EXCEPT:
1. all of the choices are correct
2. they can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
3. they are important organisms to study in the field of exobiology
4. they can live in very high temperature hot springs
5. they are a type of extremophile
1. all of the choices are correct
The scientific theory that discusses the origins of the eukaryotic cell, including the engulfment of prokaryotes that eventually evolved into modern mitochondria and chloroplasts, is called:
1. evolutionary divergence
2. endosymbiosis
3. exosymbiosis
4. epigenetics
2. endosymbiosis
Protists can get nutrition in any of the following ways EXCEPT:
1. photosynthesis
2. switching between autotrophy and heterotrophy
3. all of the choices are correct
4. absorbing nutrients directly from the surrounding environment
5. phagocytosis
3. all of the choices are correct
Chitin, a type of polysaccharide, is found in all of the following EXCEPT:
1. lobster shells
2. the cell walls of fungi
3. insect exoskeletons
4. the cell membranes of amoebas
4. the cell membranes of amoebas
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
1. kinds of nucleotides in their DNA
2. methods of cell division
3. Number of cell organelles
4. rate of reproduction
1. kinds of nucleotides in their DNA
One of the most likely earliest forms of life on this planet, and which are still found today, is made up of layers of prokaryotes several centimeters (cms) thick that typically grow on moist surfaces. They are known as:
1. green algae mats
2. protozoans
3. microbial mats
4. fungal mats
3. microbial mats
Microbial communities that are held together by a gummy matrix consisting mostly of polysaccharides, can be found on all kinds of surfaces, and can be more resistant to the usual forms of sterilization, are called:
1. biofilms
2. archaea
3. slime molds
4. stromatolites
1. biofilms
With regards to the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts (also called plastids) evolved from prokaryotes, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
1. they are similar in size
2. they have tRNA and special ribosomes that are similar to those in prokaryotes
3. they have double membranes
4. all of the choices are correct
5. they have their own DNA independent of the cell nucleus
4. all of the choices are correct
The double-nucleated protist responsible for many water-born intestinal diseases worldwide, and the reason that you should never drink from streams without first decontaminating the water:
1. Giardia
2. Trypanosomes
3. Plasmodium
4. Diatoms
1. Giardia
The mass of hyphae of a fungus, that allows it to absorb nutrients from its surroundings, is called the:
1. chitin
2. mycelium
3. spores
4. septa
2. mycelium
An important diagnostic tool for determining the type of bacteria, and that is based on the thickness of the peptidoglycan cell wall, is called:
1. binary fission
2. conjugation
3. Gram staining
4. shape determination
3. Gram staining
Layered sedimentary structures, mostly seen today as fossil formations, formed by the precipitation of minerals by mainly photosynthetic microorganisms, and can grow to over a meter in height, are known as:
1. fungal mats
2. stromatolites
3. diatoms
4. stromatophores
2. stromatolites
The smallest photosynthetic organism on Earth, responsible for up to 20% of the production of atmospheric oxygen:
1. Prochlorococcus
2. biofilm
3. Paramecium
4. stromatolite
1. Prochlorococcus
The one kingdom in biology that is presently defined more by what they aren't instead of what they are, is the Kingdom ____________:
1. Fungi
2. Eukarya
3. Archaea
4. Prokaryota
5. Protista
5. Protista
The major producers in both marine and freshwater ecosystems:
1. paramecia
2. fungi
3. diatoms
4. dinoflagellates
3. diatoms
Fungi play a critical role in many ecosystems mainly because of their ability to:
1. provide oxygen to the atmosphere
2. protect plants from predators
3. photosynthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water.
4. contribute to the organic fraction of the soil through decomposition of plant material
4. contribute to the organic fraction of the soil through decomposition of plant material
All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can achieve variability in their genomes EXCEPT:
1. transformation
2. binary fission
3. transduction
4. conjugation
5. all of the choices are correct
2. binary fission
In general, organisms produce cysts as a strategy to:
1. increase the rate of mutations
2. increase generation time
3. weather out harmful environmental conditions
4. increase genetic variability
3. weather out harmful environmental conditions
The latest taxonomic classification scheme for the Domain Eukarya (also known as Eukaryota), proposes a new taxon between the Domain level and the Kingdom level, called the ________________ level, which is based on DNA evidence of common ancestry.
1. Supergroup
2. Subkingdom
3. Superkingdom
4. Superphylum
1. Supergroup
Different species of fungi can get their nutrition through one or more of the following processes EXCEPT:
1. parasitism
2. mutualism
3. saprophytism
4. photosynthesis
4. photosynthesis
All of the following are things that you and others (food industry, medical researchers, hospitals, etc.) can do to reduce the impacts of the antibiotic crisis EXCEPT:
1. practice good hygiene and sanitation
2. keep hospital and clinic surfaces clean and as sanitized as possible.
3. choose foods that have been produced using lots of antibiotics
4. all of the choices are correct
5. complete your full prescription of antibiotics
3. choose foods that have been produced using lots of antibiotics
Organisms that "make their living" by feeding off of dead organisms and waste material, are called:
1. archaea
2. saprobes
3. autotrophs
4. phytoplankton
2. saprobes
Why don't antibiotics work in curing fungal infections?
1. Fungi are autotrophic, and antibiotics only work on heterotrophic organisms
2. antibiotics only work on eukaryotic cells, and fungi are made up of prokaryotic cells
3. antibiotics only work on prokaryotic cells, and fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells
4. fungi have developed a resistance to antibiotics within the last 20 years due to overuse of antibiotics
3. antibiotics only work on prokaryotic cells, and fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells
All of the following are true about mycorrhizae EXCEPT:
1. the fungus brings water and minerals to the plant root
2. they are only rarely found associated with plants
3. the plant root provides the fungus with carbohydrates from photosynthesis
4. they are a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root
2. they are only rarely found associated with plants