Inbreeding and migration
Population genetics and selection
Quantitative traits
Linkage Disequilibrium
Major Transitions
Speciation
Extinction
Genome Evolution
100
The term for only a subset of genes establishing a new population.
What is the founder effect?
100
Individuals with a particular phenotype survive to sexual maturity at higher rates than those with other phenotypes.
What is viability selection?
100
Genotypes have different phenotypes in different environments.
What is phenotypic plasticity?
100
In a two locus system, this it the multilocus genotype of a gamete
What is its haplotype?
100
Metabolism, reproduction, evolution, and homeostasis are all examples of this defining feature of organisms.
What are properties of life?
100
When divergent species mate but produce inviable or unfit offspring.
What is post-zygotic isolation?
100
We are currently in the 6th one of these in the history of life on earth.
What is a mass extinction?
100
The amount of DNA found in a cell.
What is the C-value?
200
Occurs when a population is more fit in its local environment than others.
What is local adaptation?
200
Heterozygotes have higher fitness than either homozygote.
What is heterozygote superiority or overdominance?
200
Dapnia growing neck teeth in the presence of predators is an example of this.
What is environmental variation?
200
Population structure, Genetic Drift, Selection
What are processes that cause LD?
200
This model of multicellularity may have higher conflict because it requires independent cells to come together.
What is the Coming Together model?
200
Isolation, divergence, and reproductive isolation.
What are the three stages of allopatric speciation?
200
The northern white rhino is considered this because only two individuals, Najin and Fatu, remain alive.
What is functionally extinct?
200
A research approach to identify genome variation that is associated with a trait.
What is GWAS?
300
Inbreeding and highly structured populations can both have this genetic consequence.
What are more homozygotes than expected?
300
Explains why yellow elderflowers increase in fitness when rare.
What is negative frequency dependent selection?
300
Examples include:
What are reaction norm plots?
300
The frequency of any chromosome haplotype can be calculated by multiplying the frequencies of the constituent alleles
What is a condition that must be true under LE?
300
This hypothesis proposes that early life relied on a single molecule capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions.
What is the RNA world?
300
This form of speciation occurs when adjacent populations diverge despite being connected by a narrow zone of hybridization.
What is parapatric speciation?
300
Often caused by predation, competition, or climate change.
What is background extinction?
300
These organisms have large, expanded genomes.
What are multicellular eukaryotes?
400
Decreases in the fitness of a population resulting from mating with genetic relatives.
What is inbreeding depression?
400
Copies of a deleterious allele are eliminated from a population by selection at the rate they are created by mutation.
What is mutation-selection balance?
400
Increases the variation around a trait.
What is disruptive selection?
400
Recombination
What is why LD decreases over time?
400
This hypothesis explains how eukaryotes gained complexity.
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?
400
A population of organisms that is considered distinct for purposes of conservation
What is an Evolutionary Significant Unit?
400
This mass extinction, also called the “Great Dying,” wiped out more than 96% of all species on Earth.t
What is the End-Permian mass extinction?
400
Most genes change too fast or aren’t universal, making this a challenge for tracing deep evolutionary relationships.
What is finding conserved genes across all life?
500
1-H_I/H_T
What is Wright's F-statistic, FIT, that shows the inbreeding of individuals relative to the total population.
500
Positive frequency dependent selection, selection on dominant alleles, and underdominance may result in this.
What is reduced genetic variation?
500
Comprised of additive and non-additive variance.
What is genetic variation?
500
A way to detect alleles that underwent recent selection
What is examining patterns of homozygosity?
500
This pair of processes—key to major transitions in evolution—explains how groups of units come together and divide labor to create new levels of biological organization.
What are aggregation and specialization?
500
Characterized by an interbreeding population with cohesive gene pool
What is the biological species concept?
500
Research shows past survival of older species doesn’t predict future extinction, because extinction is driven by this.
What is fitness in the current environment?
500
Genome size varies widely among species without matching organismal complexity because much of it consists of this “extra” DNA.
What is non-coding DNA?