Cells
Name one example of a Prokaryote and an Eukaryote cell.
Pro-bacteria, archae
Euk- you, plants, fungus (yeast), amoeba (plant)
What does the acronym U-ABC-IT stand for?
Use evidence
Ask questionsCultivate wonder
Identify confusion
Think like a biologist
Name the three different bonds/attractions that were discussed in class.
Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen Attraction
Name two different similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
Similar: nucleic acids, both involved with transcription, have A,G,C,
Differences: double/single stranded, RNA has U instead of T, DNA only trancription while RNA involved with both, location, functionality
What is a codon?
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Name two similarities and differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote structure.
Similarities: have nucleus, DNA, cell membrane, ribosome
Differences: size, have bound organelles, pro unicellular vs euk multicellular, chloroplasts and mitochondria
Name two common functions of living things.
Transform energy, excrete waste, grow, sense, reproduce, respire/exchange gases
What are prions?
Prions are misfolded proteins that have the ability to transform normal proteins into misfolded ones
What is an intergenic region?
Parts of the chromosome that are between genes (DO NOT code for protein)
What are introns and exons?
exons: part of pre-mRNA that is kept after splicing, this is the mRNA
Place the following items from smallest to biggest:
Virus
Eukaryote cell
Mitochondria
Virus, Mitochondria, Euk cell
Name two common structures of living things.
What are the four different macromolecules? Give an example of each.
Protein: hemoglobin
Fat: phospholipids
Nucleic Acid: DNA
Carbohydrate: glucose
If 16% of the nuceotides in a DNA molecule are Cytosine, then what would percentage be of Thymines in the DNA?
34% Thymine
What are silent mutations?
A change in the amino acid sequence, but the mutation does not affect the structure or function of the protein, a silent change that will do no help/harm to the body
What are the two main pieces of evidence for the Endosymbiotic theory?
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes similar to the ribosomes in bacteria (pro)
2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA similar to bacteria (pro)
What is the definition of function and structure in terms of living things?
Function: what something does
Structure: what something is made of
Explain the Altoid Scare.
Altoids were made from gelatin from cows, people feared that they would get Mad Cow Disease because of the gelatin
What are the four main characteristics for the structure DNA?
1. double sided, double helix
2. nucleotide is made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
3. hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together
4. structure of DNA is key to its function
Explain what the transcription and translation processes involve.
Transcription: RNA taking a copy of the DNA in the nucleus to take it to the cytoplasm
Translation: in the cytoplasm where the building of the amino acid chain (protein) occurs
What is the Endosymbiont Theory?
A theory that says that modern day chloroplast and mitochondria were once free living bacteria; fused to create eukaryote cells
What is the Cell Theory?
A structure based theory that states that
1. living things are defined in biology as those things made up of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic building blocks of all living things (organisms)
3. A cell is the simplest collection of matter (atoms and molecules) currently considered to be alive
In terms of the PB and J sandwich example, what type of bond is being described:
You and a buddy cut the sandwich in half and share it between the two of you
Covalent Bond
What was Chargaff's contribution to the discovery of DNA?
Found that there were the same amount (%) of A and T and the same (%) amount of G and C in one organism; did NOT know that they went together
Explain the process, starting with DNA, how genes are created into traits.
DNA copied through trancription in nucleus, pre-mRNA spliced into mRNA, goes to cytoplasm where translation occurs with ribosome, amino acid chain created, folded to form a protein, protein creates certain traits