Exam 1 Content
How do function and structure come into play with biological organisms?
Provide an example.
The structure of something affects the functionality/performance of the organism as a whole
Red blood cells structurally need to be a circle shape in order to function as an oxygen carrier, other shapes affect the amount of oxygen that it can carry at one time
You are at a machine slot with 8 slots. You have the chance of either getting banana, a mango, a pineapple, or a coconut. What is the probability that you get the coconut for the first 5 slots?
1/4x 1/4x 1/4x 1/4x 1/4= 1/1024
(1/4)^5
What is the purpose of cellular respiration and photosythesis? Include the steps for each process, important molecules, and location.
CR- purpose is to break down glucose and provide energy to re-energize ADP into ATP, has 4 steps: glycolysis, transition reaction, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis, energy carriers NADH+ and FAD+, pyruvate after glycolysis and O has final acceptor and water as byproduct, acetyl Co-A, location cytoplasm and mitochondria in cells
Photo- purpose is to build up glucose from chemical sunlight energy, two steps: light independent and Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, NADP+ and FAD+, oxygen as a byproduct, chloroplast (thylakoid and stroma) inside plant cells
What is homeostasis? What is the purpose of homeostasis? Include at least two examples of homeostasis and why are they important.
Homeostasis is the body's way of maintaining orderly fashion in the body in order for the body to function properly.
Temp, water regulation, throwing up, allergic reaction (anaphylaxis reaction), childbirth, fight/flight adrenaline pathway, etc
important for the body to maintain order so that you can survive
Describe at least three differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
1. Pro=smaller in size; Euk=larger in size
2. Pro=no membrane bound organelles. Euk= bound organelles
3. Pro=bacteria, archae, Euk= plants, yeast, us
4. Pro=single celled, Euk=multi-cellular
5. Pro=no membrane bound nucleus, Euk=membrane bound nucleus
What are alleles?
How many alleles do we have in total and how many do we inherit from our biological parents?
Alleles are different versions/options of a gene, we have 2 alleles that we as an individual have but we inherited 1 copy from each parent.
Explain how that plays a role in DNA replication and the aflatoxin adduct.
A DNA adduct is the product of the covalent addition of a chemical mutagen to a nitrogenous base (A,C,T,G)
In the role for Aflatoxin, the adduct attaches to a G in the DNA sequence and places matches it with an A instead of a C, hence there is a mutation in that newly formed DNA strand
What does it mean when ADP is then turned into ATP?
ADP is energy depleted, so it needs the extra phosphate group to energize it once again, hence the Chemiosmosis and adding the extra phosphate group with the help of the H+ gradient, so ADP is transformed into ATP (full of energy)
Explain how osmosis and diffusion works.
osmosis: only water movement from high to low concentration
diffucion: solutes and solvent go from high to low concentration
Explain the two features that your small intestine has that helps to absorb a lot of water.
1. length of the small intestine and the amount of time it has to absorb all of the water
2. lot of surface area (microvilli)
Using the Kindergarten PB sandwich explanation; explain the differences between these three bonds:
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Attraction
Covalent Bond: you and a buddy share the PB sandwiches; hence covalent bonds share an electron; string interaction
Ionic Bond: the school bully takes your PB sandwich away from you; hence ionic bonds have one atom that has +1 electron and the other -1, strong bond
Hydrogen Attraction: you smell the PB, but you do not partake in eating the sandwich, individually they are weak, but a lot together makes the bond strong
Explain the core concepts about cancer (there are 5). Include a non-biology example of a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene.
1. cancer is uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)
2. cancerous cells have accumulated genetic damage through mutations
3. Proto-oncogne (accelerator on a car) are normal genes that code for normal proteins that promote cell division
4. Tumor suppressor genes (brakes on a car) are normal genes that code for normal proteins that inhibit cell division
5. At least two mutation events (usually more) are required for a cell to become cancerous
Explain the importance of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Explain the energy that is needed to keep it running. Explain how arsenic interrupts the ETC process.
The importance of the ETC is to create a proton gradient on either side of the plasma membrane so that there is a big build up H+ on one side, the H+ will naturally want to even it out (diffusion) the distribution, this allows the ADP to transform into ATP with the help of ATP Synthase
Arsenic disrupts this by blocking a part of the ETC to the point where there is too much NADH and not enough NAD+, no more H+ proton gradient and stops ETC
Explain the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions and the effects that has on a red blood cell
Red blood cell in hypertonic (higher concentration of solutes) solution= shriveled red blood cell
Red blood cell in hypotonic (lower concentration of solutes) solution=lysed red blood cellExplain at least three differences between normal cells and HeLa cells and how that impacted the HeLa cells' survival
1. have active telomerase (helps with proliferation)
2. more chromosomes as a result of mutations
3. DNA mutations that include some HPV genes, extra strength for overtaking other cell cultures
4. survival outside of a host environment, allows for the cells to survive in unusual environments
Explain why a brain neuron cell and a heart muscle cell have the same DNA, but they have different functions.
All somatic cells have the same set of DNA, but they express different proteins which contribute to their individual functionality
Patient X has pancreas cancer. Patient X's mother passed away from pancreas cancer. What are the chances that their offspring will also inherit this type of cancer?
Patient Y has eye cancer. This original source of the cancer was from a single somatic cell in his eye. What are the chances that their offspring will also inherit this type of cancer?
Patient X- high; because they have a family history and most likely inherited the mutation from mom
Patient Y-low; because the cancer originated in Patient Y in somatic cell, not inherited
Create a Concept map:
Cellular Respiration: glycolysis, transition reaction, Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle), Electron Transport Chain, ATP synthase, ATP, ADP, carbon dioxide, NADH, glucose, H+protons
Answers will vary
Explain the differences as to how the Cynthia Lucero case and how Cholera works in the human body.
Cynthia Lucero- drank too much Gatorade (water intoxication), so a lot of water went into her cells because the Gatorade was hypotonic when compared to her hypertonic cells, died from swelling of brain
Cholera: toxin that opens chloride channels (and indirectly sodium channels), hence the water will follow the chloride and sodium so the cell were hypotonic when compared to the hypertonic lumer of small intestine, people die from dehydration
In a fictional world, the funjalo animal is a prized possession to acquire. There are two different phenotypes: the dominant which is spotted tie-dye with a white coat with the alleles SO-1/SO1 and the recessive trait which has a solid tie-dye coat with the allele SO-2/SO-2. However, the rare and most prized ones are the funjalo with the recessive solid tie-dye trait.
1. A farmer wants to sell as many rare funjalo babies as a result of a cross. What is the only cross to ensure that all of the funjalo babies are indeed the rare solid tie-dye color?
2. What is the probability of the first second, and third funjalo being solid tie-dye if you cross a spotted heterozygous female and a spotted male (SO-1/SO-1)?
1. homozygous recessive for both mom and dad, SO-2/SO-2
2. 0% because all the babies will be spotted
Explain this process:
DNA (genes) to RNA to Proteins to Traits.
Also include how sickle cell anemia comes about by this process and how it affects the red blood cell.
Genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase through a process called transcription, then the mRNA goes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated with the help of a ribosome, this brings in amino acids to build the primary structure of a protein
Sickle cell anemia is a point mutation which causes a change in one amino acid from GLU to VAL, changing the shape of the red blood cell and its ability to carry oxygen in decreased
Provide a definition for these words:
Homozygous
HeterozygousGenotype
Phenotype
Homozygous: an individual carries two of the same alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous: an individual carries two different alleles for a given gene
Genotype: all of the specific alleles in the individual (not shown outwardly, but in genes)Pheonotype: an individual's observable phenotypes
An elderly man has his heart set on being buried in the forest where he grew up in. How will the a carbon stored from this elderly man end up in a snake? (The snake will not directly eat the elderly man)
Elderly man decomposes in the soil by decomposers, carbon dioxide will be released from the process, plant takes in CO2 to do photosynthesis, rabbit eats plant, snake eats rabbit
Explain the role that insulin and glucagon have on the blood sugar levels and the effect it has on the liver.
glucagon: raises blood sugar levels by telling the liver to break down glycogen
Explain the insulin and GLUT4 channel pathway.
Insulin activates the insulin receptor, receptor send the signal to the GLUT 4 channels to bind and blend with the plasma membrane, GLUT 4 channels opens and allows the glucose to enter into the cells from the outside blood area