BIO 105 Review 20-23
What is natural selection and what does it result in
advantageous traits increase in frequency because individuals with them survive and reproduce more, resulting in adaptation and evolution of populations.
What is an outgroup on a phylogenetic tree
The first off-branch that shows divergence from the rest of the group
Traits that evolved independently in different species but look similar due to similar selective pressures.
analogous traits
The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
Systematics
What is evolution
trait that evolved independently but shares a similar function in species
analogous traits
Traits that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor.
What are homologous traits?
The two-part Latin naming system for species, consisting of genus and species.
Binomial nomenclature
How do new alleles form
Mutations that alter DNA sequence of a genome
What does divergent evolution mean
evolution from a common ancestor but adapting to different environments.
(arms have the same bones but arms of a human and bot look very different)
Fish gill arches later turned into jaws what is this called
exaptation
The traditional hierarchy of classification created by Linnaeus, including ranks like kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Linnaean taxonomic system
Allopatric vs sympatric speciation
Allopatric speciation is geography separating the two, creating divergence
Sympatric speciation is genetic divergence despite living in the same location.
Why is the principle of Parsimony so important
By choosing the phylogenetic tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes, it makes the simplest and most likely explanation
Explain the difference between homoplastic and homolytic
Homologous traits: similarity that results from shared ancestry
Homoplastic traits: similarities that evolved independently
A taxon that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants.
Paraphyletic
Explain the difference in bottleneck vs founder effect
Bottleneck effect: A population’s size is drastically reduced by a sudden event, causing loss of genetic diversity.
Founder effect: A new population is started by a small group of individuals, leading to allele frequencies that may differ from the original population.
Apomorphy vs synaptomorphy
Apomorphy – only one species has the derived characteristic
Synaptomorphy – two or more species has the derived characteristic
What are the ways you can differentiate between homology and homoplasy
look for dissimilarities
fossil record
construct phylogenetic tree using different charcteristics
A taxon that combines species from different evolutionary lineages and does not include their most recent common ancestor.
Polyphyletic