Chapter 8
In a reaction where the products have a free higher energy than the reactants, what three things do you know about this reaction?
Positive delta G, nonspontaneous, and endergonic
In glucose catabolism, what pathway is taken when oxygen is unavailable or low?
Fermentation
A new flower species has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be blue and purple. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed in this pigment?
Blue and purple
What is the process in which animal somatic cells are produced?
Mitosis
The rate of a chemical reaction depends on:
The activation energy.
For the following reaction: Which reaction is the oxidation half reaction? Which end product has gained energy?
Cyt c (Fe2+) + Cyt a (Fe3+) --> Cyt c (Fe3+) + Cyt a (Fe2+)
Cyt c (Fe2+) --> Cyt c (Fe3+)
Cyt a (Fe2+)
How many NADPH and ATP are required to produce glucose?
12 NADPH, 18ATP
In what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope fragment (disappear)?
Prometaphase
What is the first and second law of thermodynamics?
1st: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd: entropy of the universe increases to maximize disorder
Consider aerobic conditions and the breakdown of glucose. Starting with 1 molecule of pyruvate and ending at the completion of the Kreb’s cycle, indicate how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 will be obtained.
1 ATP from Kreb’s cycle
1 NADH from Pyruvate oxidation and 3 from Kreb’s cycle =4
1 FADH2 from pyruvate oxidation and 1 from Kreb’s cycle =2
If a plant was exposed to sunlight at cool temperatures and moist conditions, what photosynthetic processes can occur?
Both light reactions and Calvin Cycle
What is the name for the region on a duplicated chromosome that holds sister chromatids together?
Centromere
True or False. If there is no change in entropy, the change in free energy is the same as the change in enthalpy.
True
During the catabolism of glucose, ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in what two processes?
Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle
What is the first step of the light reaction and the last step of the light reaction?
First step: Absorption of light into PSII
Last step: NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
Name four things that happen in eukaryotic cells during mitosis, but not prokaryotic cells.
Sister chromatids join at centromere
Fragmentation of nuclear envelope
Spindle formation
Replicated DNA separates by attaching to spindle
Is an oxidation reaction endergonic or exergonic and why?
Exergonic because you are losing electrons and therefore heat is released and no energy is required
What is the net ATP after ETC and where do you get them from?
2 from glycolysis
2 from kreb cycle
25 from NADH
3 from FADH2
32 total ATP
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis seem to be opposite to one another. What is one thing that both require (hint think of ATP).
They both utilize chemiosmosis to form a proton-motive force (a Hydrogen gradient) that produces ATP.
If wheat has 10 chromosomes in it’s somatic cells and at G1, the cell contains 150ng of DNA, how many cells do the gametes have? How many ng would the cells have at G2?
5 chromosomes
300ng