Animal Form and Function
The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.
metabolic rate
Individuals who sole diet consists of only corn will likely exhibit this type of nutrition.
malnutrition
These are the thinnest blood vessels and are sites of gas and chemical exchange.
capillaries
These type of cells allow for a faster immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen.
memory cells
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
Animals that maintain relatively constant internal temperatures exhibit this type of heat generation.
homeotherm
For cnidarians and flatworms, extracellular digestion takes place in these body compartments.
gastrovascular cavity
During inhalation in humans, air moves from the larynx into this structure.
These are the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Animals that are isoosmotic with their surroundings and don't regulate their osmolarity exhibit this strategy. Marine animals.
osmoconformers
cooling by evaporative heat loss
The majority of enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules of food takes place in this organ.
small intestine
These organisms are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from the respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart.
fish (2-chambered heart, single circulation)
Every nucleated cell in your body exhibits this surface marker.
class I MHC
Form of nitrogenous waste released by birds, reptiles, and insects.
uric acid
The transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions.
countercurrent exchange; reduces heat loss
These 4 categories of essential nutrients are materials that animal cells require that cannot be synthesized by the animal.
amino acids, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids
55% of blood is plasma and the other 45% includes these three cellular elements.
leukocytes (WBCs), erythrocytes (RBCs), and platelets
4 examples of second-line defenses.
inflammation, phagocytosis, interferons, complement system
1) detects changes in osmolarity and regulates release of ADH
2) releases ADH
1) hypothalamus
2) posterior pituitary gland
When the internal temperature is not maintained and external temperature increases dramatically:
proteins ____
speed of reactions ______
enzyme activity ______
the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen _____
plasma membrane fluidity ______
unfold, increases, decreases, decreases, increases
These three hormones are secreted from different organs and all contribute to suppressing appetite.
insulin, leptin, and PYY
Complete the rest of the mammalian circulation circuit after this step:
LV pumps oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta to the heart muscle itself and body tissues.
1. Blood returns to heart (RA) through vena cavas.
2. RV pumps blood to the lungs.
3. Oxygen is loaded and carbon dioxide is unloaded in the lungs.
4. Oxygen-rich blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to LA.
5. Oxygen-rich blood flows into LV.
The humoral response is a key part of the adaptive immune system that involves B cells and antibodies. What are the 4 parts of the humoral response?
antigen presentation, B cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, antigen elimination
Order in parts of kidney; from blood filtrate to urine.
1) proximal tubule
2) descending limb of Loop of Henle
3) ascending limb of Loop of Henle
4) distal tubule
5) collecting duct