Chapter 1
What are 2 components for building a hypothesis?
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
Who is the author for the original theory of natural selection?
Darwin
What are the 4 most common elements in life?
C,N,O,H
What two reactions assemble or break down polymers?
Dehydration (assemble) and Hydrolysis (disassemble)
False. All bonds must have an atom attached to either side.
What is the difference between species and population?
Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce with each other to create fertile offspring
Population- a group of organisms within the same species living in the same geographical area
Name two of the unique lines of evidence the support a single common origin for all life (i.e. the theory of evolution)?
1. Homology - the shared traits or structural features among different species due to a shared evolutionary ancestry
2. DNA - common genetic language for all living things
3. Embryonic development
4. Fossil record
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 26Al3+ have? What formulas did you use? Draw the electron diagram
Protons= 13
Neutrons= 13
Electrons= 10
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
Ionic charge = protons - electrons
What is the main reason carbon functions well as the basis for organic molecules?
Forms most # of covalent bonds (4)
more structural variety= more functional variety
What are the four crucial properties of water, which derive from water molecules being polar and forming hydrogen bonds?
Solvent of life: both ionic compounds and polar molecules can dissolve in water
Cohesion: water molecules tend to “stick” to other water molecules
Adhesion: water molecules tend to “stick” to other polar molecules
Temperature regulation: It takes a large amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water (high specific heat)
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. test hypothesis
5. results
What are the 4 key phenomenon for natural selection? Briefly explain each.
1. Heritability- traits passing down to offspring
2. Variation- different combinations of traits
3. Overproduction of offspring- producing more offspring than can possibly survive
4. Selection pressures - any factor in the environment which makes certain variations more successful than others
What is the mass, charge, and key features of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons= 1amu, positive, determines the element
Neutrons= 1amu, neutral, determines the atomic mass
Electrons= 0amu, negative, determines the charge
How many function groups do we learn about in chapter 3? Give 3 examples and draw the structure of each.
6 groups. Hydroxyl -OH, Carbonyl -C=O, Carboxyl group -COOH, Amino group -NH2, Phosphate group (-OPO3)2-, and Methyl -CH3
What are two ways genetic variation in a population can be increased?
Mutation and sexual reproduction
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Similarities- they both have a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
Differences- Eukaryotic has nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and they are larger in size
Prokaryotic is much smaller and simpler, does not have nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles.
What is natural selection? What is artificial selection?
The differential reproductive success of individuals within a population, based on how well each individual's varied traits allowed it to deal with the selection pressures in its environment. Artificial selection is the same, but human preference is the selection pressure.
What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example compound for each.
What is the difference between non-polar and polar (covalent) bonds? Give an example of each.
Ionic bond - the attraction between oppositely-charged ions due to the DIRECT TRANSFER of electrons (NaCl)
Covalent bond - a bond between two atoms resulting from the SHARING OF ELECTRONS between them (C2H602)
Non-polar (covalent) bond - equal sharing of electrons (C-C)
Polar (covalent) bond - unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial + and - charges (O-N)
How can you tell based on a molecular structure what macromolecule it is?
If there are nitrogens in the structure, it must be either a protein or a nucleic acid. So then, examine the structure and determine whether it is mostly linear or whether it contains multiple ring structures. If it is linear, it is a protein. If there are multiple ring structures, it is a nucleic acid.
If there are no nitrogens in the structure, it must be either a carbohydrate or a lipid. The way to tell the difference is to look at the structure and determine whether it is largely polar or entirely non-polar. If the molecule is polar, it is a carbohydrate. If the molecule is non-polar (almost entirely made of carbons and hydrogens), then it is a lipid.
Compare and contrast the features of a hypothesis vs theory.
- Both hypothesis and a theory can be supported or refuted by evidence
- a hypothesis has little to no evidence pointing in either direction, but a theory has multiple lines of evidence pointing in its favor
- a hypothesis provides a possible explanation for a phenomena, while a theory provides a strong explanation for many phenomenon, and can be used to generate new hypotheses
What are the 7 key features of life? Give an example of each.
1. order- skin OR cell membrane
2. reproduction- elephants having a baby OR cell division
3. growth and development- puberty OR cell growth
4. energy processing- digestion OR cell respiration
5. regulation- thermoregulation OR enzyme inhibition
6. response to the environment- response to pain OR cell signaling
7. evolutionary adaptation- changes within groups of organisms over multiple generations
How can sexual selection improve reproductive success even at the potential cost of survivability?
Sexual selection can improve reproductive success by allowing individuals with certain traits more likely to obtain mates.
What are the steps (in order) of drawing a molecular structure? Don't forget the bonds!
1. Draw the correct number of C atoms
2. Add 4 bonds on each C
3. Draw the correct # of N atoms. If none in chemical formula, then don't add any to the molecular structure.
4. Add 3 bonds on each N
5. Draw the correct # of O atoms.
6. Add 2 bonds on each O
7. Count number of H in chemical formula. If same amount as # of open bonds on structure, then draw and you're done. If more open bonds than H, create the correct amount of double bonds and draw in H.
What is the monomer, polymer, functions, and key properties of carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids? Choose 2.
Carbs: (M) monosaccharide, (P) polysaccharide, "ose", and (F) energy/energy storage/structure in plants
Fats/lipids: (M) glycerol + fatty acids, (P) triglyceride, (F) energy/energy storage/structure in membrane
Proteins: (M) amino acids, (P) polypeptide, "ase", (F) energy/energy storage/ enzyme catalyzation
Nucleic acids: (M) nucleotide, (P) polynucleotide, (F) energy/info storage/info transfer
What is the difference between a hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecule?
Hydrophilic (water loving)- dissolves in water due to having polar bonds
Hydrophobic (water fearing)- does not dissolve in water due to having almost entirely nonpolar bonds