Chapter 1
What are 2 components for building a hypothesis?
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
3. Confounding variable
Who is the author for the original theory of natural selection?
Darwin
What are the 4 most common elements in life?
C,N,O,H
What are the two reactions used to assemble or break down polymers?
Dehydration (assemble) and Hydrolysis (disassemble)
What are the monomers for proteins?
amino acids
What is the difference between species and population?
Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce with each other to create fertile offspring
Population- a group of the same species of organisms living in the same geographical area
What is the multiple lines of evidence for a single common origin for all life?
Homology
It is the shared traits or structural features among different species due to a shared evolutionary ancestry.
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 26Al3+ have? What formula did you use? Draw the electron diagram
Protons= 13
Neutrons= 13
Electrons= 10
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
Ionic charge = protons - electrons
What is the main reason carbon functions well as the basis for organic molecules?
Forms most # of covalent bonds (4)
more structural variety= more functional variety
What are the main reasons why carbon functions well as the basis for organic molecules?
- it forms 4 covalent bonds
more structural variety= more functional variety
What leads to covalent bonds being either polar or non-polar, how can you tell whether a given pair of atoms will form a polar or a non-polar bond?What are 3 steps of the scientific method?
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. test of prediction
What are the 4 key phenomenon for natural selection? Briefly explain each.
1. Heritability- traits passing down to offspring
2. Variation- different combinations of traits
3. Overproduction of offspring- producing more offspring than can possibly survive
4. Selection pressures - any factor in the environment which makes certain variations more successful than others
What are the masses, charges, and key properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons= 1amu, positive, determines the element
Neutrons= 1amu, neutral, determines the isotope
Electrons= 0amu, negative, determines the charge
How many function groups do we learn about in chapter 3? Give 3 examples and draw the structure of each.
6 groups. Hydroxyl -OH, Carbonyl -C=O, Carboxyl group -COOH, Amino group -NH2, Phosphate group (-OPO3)2-, and Methyl -CH3
What are two ways genetic variation in a population can be increased?
Mutation and sexual reproduction
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Similarities- they both have plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
Differences- Eukaryotic has nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and they are larger in size
Prokaryotic is much smaller and simpler, does not have nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles.
What is natural selection? How is it different from artificial selection?
The differential reproductive success of individuals within a population, based on how well each individual's varied traits allowed it to deal with the selection pressures in its environment. Artificial selection is the same, but human preference is the selection pressure.
What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? What is the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?
Ionic bond - the attraction between oppositely-charged ions due to the DIRECT TRANSFER of electrons
Covalent bond - a bond between two atoms resulting from the SHARING OF ELECTRONS between them
Can you give an example of each?
Non-polar bond - equal sharing of electrons
Polar bond - unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial + and - charges
What is an example of each?
How can you tell based on a molecular structure what macromolecule it is?
If there are nitrogens in the structure, it must be either a protein or a nucleic acid. So then, examine the structure and determine whether it is mostly linear or whether it contains multiple ring structures. If it is linear, it is a protein. If there are multiple ring structures, it is a nucleic acid.
If there are no nitrogens in the structure, it must be either a carbohydrate or a lipid. The way to tell the difference is to look at the structure and determine whether it is largely polar or entirely non-polar. If the molecule is polar, it is a carbohydrate. If the molecule is non-polar (almost entirely made of carbons and hydrogens), then it is a lipid.
What are the key features of a hypothesis and a theory?
- Both hypothesis and a theory can be supported or refutes by evidence
- a hypothesis has little to no evidence pointing in either direction, but a theory has multiple lines of evidence pointing in its favor
- a hypothesis provides a possible explanation for a phenomena, while a theory provides a strong explanation for many phenomenon, and can be used to generate new hypotheses
What are the 7 defining characteristics of life? Give an example of each.
1. order- skin OR cell membrane
2. reproduction- elephants having a baby OR cell division
3. growth and development- puberty OR cell growth
4. energy processing- digestion OR cell respiration
5. regulation- thermoregulation OR enzyme inhibition
6. response to the environment- response to pain OR cell signaling
7. evolutionary adaptation- trait changes over generations
How can sexual selection improve reproductive success even at the potential cost of survivability?
Sexual selection can improve reproductive success by allowing individuals with certain traits more likely to obtain mates.
What are the steps (in order) of drawing a molecular structure? Don't forget the bonds!
1. Draw the correct number of C atoms
2. Add 4 bonds on each C
3. Plot the correct # of N atoms. If none in chemical formula, then don't add any to the molecular structure.
4. Add 3 bonds on each N
5. Plot the correct # of O atoms.
6. Add 2 bonds on each O
7. Count number of H in chemical formula. If same amount as # of open bonds on structure, then plot and you're done. If more open bonds than H, create the correct amount of double bonds and plot H.
What is the monomer, polymer, functions, and key properties of carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids? Choose 2.
Carbs: (M) monosaccharide, (P) polysaccharide, "ose", and (F) energy/energy storage/structure in plants
Fats/lipids: (M) glycerol + fatty acids, (P) triglyceride, (F) energy/energy storage/structure in membrane
Proteins: (M) amino acids, (P) polypeptide, "ase", (F) energy/energy storage/ enzyme catalyzation
Nucleic acids: (M) nucleotide, (P) polynucleotide, (F) energy/info storage/info transfer
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic? Define both
Hydrophilic (water loving)- dissolves in water due to having polar bonds
Hydrophobic (water hating)- does not dissolve in water due to having having almost entirely nonpolar bonds