Ch. 1
Which of the biological levels of organization represents the first level at which all properties of life, such as reproduction and energy processing emerge?
Cell
What is the charge of protons?
positive
If a plant was unable to link glucose molecules together, which of the following structures would fail to develop properly?
The cell walls
Where are the chlorophyll molecules specifically located within a plant cell?
The thylakoid membranes
In the absence of oxygen how many ATP molecules can a cell generate from one glucose molecule (hint: through fermentation)
2
The beetles with dark colored traits had higher reproductive success in the new environment.
What are the four major elements that make up the human body?
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon
What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
What is the role of the stomata in the process of photosynthesis?
They allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit the leaf
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants like poison ivy?
To convert light energy into the chemical energy of sugar
An ecologist notes that a forest ecosystem requires a constant input of solar energy to survive. Why can't the energy simply cycle indefinitely between the photosynthesizers and the consumers?
In every energy conversion, some energy is inevitably lost as heat.
A scientist identifies a substance that contains exactly one type of atom and cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means. If this substance is found in a quantity of less than 0.01% of human body weight but it is still required for survival, how should it be classified?
A trace element
What is something that plant cells have that animal cells do not?
Chloroplasts, central vacuole, rigid cell wall
True or false? Cellular respiration is a process unique to animals, while plants rely solely on photosynthesis for their energy needs.
False.
What is the relationship between breathing and cellular respiration to a person performing strenuous exercise?
Breathing supplies the O2 necessary for the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules
A student follows the scientific method to determine why their microwave wont work. They first assume the power cable is broken. They test a different cable, but the microwave still doesn't work. What is the most logical next step?
Formulate a new hypothesis
An athlete is running a marathon on a hot day and begins to sweat. Which underlying principle of water's chemistry is primarily responsible for preventing them from overheating?
Evaporative cooling.
Two different butterfly species produce the exact same pigment chemical, yet one appears bright yellow while the other appears orange. What is the most likely chemical cause for this visible difference?
The atomic spacing of the pigment molecules situated on the organism is different.
A desert succulent, such as a jade plant, utilizes CAM photosynthesis to thrive in arid conditions. How does its method of carbon fixation specifically differ from that of a standard C3 plant during the daylight hours?
It closes its stomata and releases banked CO2 to the calvin cycle
In a research study comparing biological efficiency, a scientist notes that cellular respiration is approximately 34% efficient. What happens to the remaining 66% of the energy originally stored in glucose?
It is released into the environment as heat energy
A volcanic ash cloud completely blocks all sunlight for several years. Based on the dynamics of ecosystem processes, what would be the most immediate result regarding energy and matter?
Energy flow would cease because it is a one way process dependent on an external source (sunlight)
If the concentration of atmospheric CO2 continues to rise, what is the specific chemcial consequence for shell building marine organisms?
It causes hydrogen ions to combine with carbonate ions, forming bicarbonate.
What are the four main functions of Eukaryotic cells?
Genetic control, Energy procesing, manufacturing/breakdown/distributing materials, structural supports/movement/intracellular communication
During a severe heatwave, a field of soybeans (a C3 plant) closes its stomata to prevent dehydration. What is the metabolic (chemical reaction) consequence within the plants leaves?
Photorespiration occurs, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
An evolutionary biologist argues that glycolysis is the universal energy harvesting process. What piece of evidence from our notes best supports the claim that this process evolved early in the history of life?
It occurs in the cytosol - not requiring enclosed organelles