Chapter 11: Reproductive System
What happens during fertilization?
Sperm and egg fuse together
What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord where the processing occurs
Peripheral nervous system: everything else in the body, sends signals to and from the Central nervous system (motor and sensory neurons)
What are the three major parts of the brain?
-Forebrain, Midbrain, and hindbrain
What are the different types of sensory receptors?
1. Pain receptors
2. Thermoreceptors
3. Mechanoreceptors
4. Chemoreceptors
5. Electromagnetic receptors
What are the four types of infections of the body?
-Virus
-Bacteria
-Fungi
-Parasites
How does the sperm enter the egg?
The sperm has enzymes in its head that will dissolve through the protective layer of the egg until the receptors on the sperm can match the receptors on the egg to allow it to come in and also make sure the species of the sperm and the egg match each other.
What is the function of the nervous system?
1. Sensory input
2. Integration at the central nervous system
3. Motor output
What part of the cerebrum works with visual information?
The occipital lobe of the cerebrum
How do sensory signals become electrical signals in neurons?
Through the process of sensory transduction
Signal->collection->transduction (signal is converted to an electrical signal here)->Processing->Action
How do viruses work?
They infect their host cell and hyjack their machinery so the host cell starts to generate new viruses to infect the whole body.
Describe the Zinc release?
The zinc release is when the egg releases a bunch of zinc very quickly when 1 sperm has entered. The egg does this to make itself undesirable to other sperm to prevent other sperm from entering the egg. Under the microscope the zinc release can be seen as a "Flash of Light"
What are the three types of neurons?
1. Sensory neurons
2. Interneurons
3. Motor neurons
Which part of the brain functions as a switch board to send information to the correct place?
Thalamus
How does olfaction work?
What is the first line of defense of the body? What is the 2nd and the 3rd?
1. Physical barriers (skin, mucus, saliva, stomach acid)
2. Innate immune system (Rapid responders)
3. Adaptive immune system (memory)
Describe the difference between monozygotes and dizygotes
-Both mono zygotes and dizygotes are considered twins
Monozygotes: 1 sperm and 1 egg that has split and create two identical human beings (same genetic makeup and appearance)
Dizygotes: 2 different sperm and 2 different eggs that are fertilized at the same time. (two different human beings, they are essentially siblings that are born at the same time)
Describe how does signals move down the axon of a neuron?
occurs in a wave down the neuron going from action potential to action potential of the next neuron cell.
(Sodium-->potassium--> pump) how an action potential occurs
Describe the function of the corpus callosum and the limbic system?
Corpus callosum: maintains communication between the L/R parts of the brain
Limbic system works with human emotion, learning and memory. Includes the amygdala (works with emotions and response) and the hippocampus(works with memory).
Describe the difference between rods and cones in the eye?
rods: work in low light (night vision)
Cones: work with bright light and color
They both receive light and change the shape of the photopigment
What immune cell works to detect body cells that have been taken over by a pathogen and inject it with a toxin to kill it?
Natural Killer cells
What are the steps of a developing embryo?
Gamete formation: sperm and egg mature are are made
Fertilization: egg and sperm fuse together
Cleavage: fertilized egg subdivides a grows through mitosis
Gastrulation: The three different germ layers form (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)
Organogensis: Body organs forms and differentiate
Growth: Embryo grows into adult body form until its time to give birth
What are the three different neurotransmitters that neurons use to communicate with each other?
Dopamine: Works in your mood
Serotonin: works in your mood and is an antidepressant
Describe the difference between the autonomous and somatic nervous system?
Autonomous: Maintain homeostasis
--Parasympathetic "Rest and digest"
--Sympathetic "Fight or Flight"
Somatic: Adjust to the external environment
-controls skeletal muscle and adult body to maintain posture and balance.
During hearing, what causes an action potential in the hair cells that leads to transduction of the signal?
Bending of sterocillia
What aspect of inflammation creates a swollen site of infection?
The increased capillary permeability will make the site of infections swollen because of the fluid and antibodies that are coming to the infection site.