Form and Function
What are cells?
the smallest unit of life
What are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective
Name the valves at the beginning and end of the stomach
end - pyloric valve
What organisms have a tracheal system?
Insects
What is the difference between closed and open circulatory systems?
What is homeostasis, the different kinds of feedback systems, and an example of each.
Homeostasis - internal balance of the body
Negative Feedback Loop - helps body maintain homeostasis, Ex: body temperature increase
Positive Feedback Loop - does not maintain homeostasis, worsens a problem, Ex: contractions during labor
To cover and protect
Ex: skin
Name the 4 stages of food processing, and what happens at each.
Ingestion - food in oral cavity, chewing
Digestion - physical and chemical break down; chewing/stomach movements, acid in stomach, saliva
Absorption - absorb nutrients into bloodstream, small intestine
Elimination - feces exits the body
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry?
4
What are the two types of circulation and what is the difference between them?
Pulmonary - circulates blood to the lungs from the heart and back
Systemic - circulates blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back
What is the hierarchy of biological organization?
cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
Name the three types of muscle tissue, their characteristics, and where they can be found.
Smooth - involuntary, small intestine
Cardiac - involuntary, heart
Skeletal - voluntary, biceps/triceps
What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal?
Gastrovascular cavity - incomplete system, only one opening, uses diffusion
Alimentary canal - complete system with tract in the middle, may have organs
List the different types of respiratory surfaces and give an example of an organism that has it.
Skin - worms, some frogs, amphibians
Gills - fish, some invertebrates
Tracheal System - insects
Lungs - humans, vertebrates
List the types of blood vessels and what type of blood they carry.
Arteries - oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins - deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Capillaries - single layer of cells meant for gas exchange
What are the 4 ways ectotherms do heat exchange?
Evaporation - water leaves surface, removing heat
Radiation - absorbs heat
Convection - air movement, removes heat
Conduction - exchange heat with surfaces
Where is the nucleus located on a neuron?
in the cell body/soma
How is the stomach able to not digest itself?
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
to safely carry CO2 through the body through the use of enzymes and chemical reactions
Is blood returning from our feet to our heart high or low pressure, why?
low pressure, the blood is deoxygenated
How do polar bears thermoregulate themselves in the cold?
They have lots of thick fur and fat to act as insulation from the cold.
What type of connective tissue is found in the formation of tendons?
What are the functions of the liver?
Produces bile, cleans nutrients that veins bring, stores iron, vitamins, and glycogen, regulates cholesterol, creates insulin
List the order of airflow in humans.
What is the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart?
SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje Fibers