Study of Life
What is Artificial Selection vs Natural Selection
Artificial Selection- When two organisms are bred for a specific trait
Natural Selection- Adaptation chosen by selective pressures to create more fit organisms
What is the pH of a solution that contains 0.01 uM, is it acidic or basic
pH=8
Basic
Monomers of carbs and lipids
Carbs- Monosaccharide
Lipids- Fatty Acids
What are the monomers for Proteins
Amino Acids
What are the polymers of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)
What are the three parts of Cell Theory
Cells come from pre existing cells
Cells are the basic units of life
All living things are made of cells
What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Hydrophobic- Repels water
Hydrophilic- Attracts water
What are the bonds that connect carb and lipid monomers to create their polymers
Carbs- Glycosidic
Lipids- Ester Bonds
What are the polymers of Proteins and what bond connects them
Proteins
Peptide bond
What is a monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
How does evolution occur within a population
There must be a pre-existing variance among genes within a population. When natural selection begins to favor the more fit trait over the less fit trait, more fit organisms survive and interbreed, less fit organisms do not survive to reproduce.
There are two Chlorine (Cl) atoms, what specific bond to they create. Draw their polar charges
Non Polar Covalent
There are no polar charges because the electron negativity equals each other
Differentiate cis and trans unsaturated fats from saturated fats
Unsaturated fats have double bonded carbons, meaning less hydrogen to stabilize. Cis and trans is just what side the hydrogens are on
Saturated fats is carbon completely saturated in hydrogen
List and briefly describe the four sequential levels of protein structure
Primary- amino acids make polypeptide chain
Secondary- Poly peptide chain is folded in small areas
Tertiary- Whole chain is folded on itself
Quaternary- Many chains come together to make a protein
List the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
Species change over time, more fit organisms will survive and pass on their traits, as a population changes a new species emerges.
What theory is this describing
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
There is a Fluorine (F) and a Lithium (Li) atom, what specific bond do they create and what is the charge of the isotope after the bond.
Ionic Bond
-1 because it gains an electron
What are the polymers of lipids, which one creates a bilayer
Triglycerides and Phospholipids
Phospholipids create bilayers
Describe the structure and function of of Enzymes
Enzymes have specific shapes to fit their specific substrate. They catalyze chemical reactions in the body
When water is taken out during a chemical reaction to bond two monomers, such as in a phosphodiester bond, what is that reaction called
Dehydration Synthesis
A grad student wants to know if ocean currents affect the spiral shape commonly seen in many species of ocean shells. They set up an experiment, placing three of the same looking shells in three different bins filled with water. They then mimic wave patterns in the water filled bins.
What are the independent, dependent, control and uncontrolled variables
Independent- Movement of ocean currents
Dependent- The shape of the shell spiral
Control- Same shell, water level, bin size etc
Uncontrolled- Location of the shell etc
Explain why NaCl dissolves in water, draw the molecules and their polar charges
Both molecules are polar covalent, positive hydrogens are attracted to negative Chlorine and negative oxygens are attracted to positive Sodium. The H2O then surrounds the NaCl, ripping their bond apart
Name the polymers of Carbs and differentiate which ones are energy storing vs structural
Energy storage- Glycogen, Starch
Structure- Cellulose, Chitin, Peptidoglycan
An inhibitor attaches itself to the active site of an enzyme preventing the substrate from fitting. Is this Competitive or Allosteric inhibition
Competitive
Explain the significance of the 3' and 5' ends of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides can only be added to the 3' end of a DNA/RNA strand. The DNA sequence is read in the 3' to 5' direction