Biochemistry
What is an isotope? What makes an isotope radioactive?
Atoms with the same atomic number but differing mass numbers! Radioisotopes have an unstable nucleus which spontaneously decays
What’re the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only transformed and transferred
What is the largest part of the brain, responsible for cognitive functions?
Cerebrum
What is a GMO?
A genetically modified organism; has had one or more changes to its genome
Photosynthesis creates a lot of what chemical element?
Carbon!
What is the process where genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA?
Transcription
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol of mitochondrion
What is the cerebellum’s main function?
Coordinates voluntary movement & balance
What is biotechnology?
What reaction is the cause of every macromolecule’s formation?
condensation/dehydration synthesis reactions!
During translation, which structure reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain?
Ribosomes
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What part of the brain stem regulates vital functions (breathing, heart rate, etc)
Medulla Oblongata
Monsanto. However, Schmeiser didn't have to pay fees
What type of molecule is made when four carbon-based rings attach to each other?
Steroids; a specific type of lipid. Examples include testosterone and estrogen
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the new complementary strand in DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase
Why does the reduction of NAD+ help glycolysis?
Allows GDP to continue process
What is the three membrane protective layer that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
What biotechnology was used to genetically modify papayas from the ringspot virus?
A gene gun was used to insert new genes into the papaya to prevent the ringspot virus from killing the fruit.
What are characteristics of tertiary structures?
- result of hydrophobic forces,
- contain supercoiled polypeptide chain,
- stabilized by R-group and disulfide bridges
When the genetic code is shifted due to nucleotides being added/deleted, this is a ______ mutation
Frameshift Mutation
What is fermentation used for?
To oxidize NADH into NAD+
What is the difference between grey and white brain matter?
Grey: Contains nerve cell bodies
White: Contains nerve fibres
What is the honourable harvest?
A covenant of reciprocity between humans and the land