Molecules
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
matter
An attraction between water molecules and other molecules.
Adhesion
A substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions.
buffer
A type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charges molecule regions.
polar covalent
Any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide).
organic molecules
The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.
atom
A tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules.
surface tension
A molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution.
Alkaline or base
An element with a filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms.
Molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds.
Structural Isomers
A hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms.
aromatic hydrocarbons
The amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.
specific heat
A filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator.
litmus paper
An amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
calorie
An isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond.
geometric isomers
A negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons.
anion
Describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water.
hydrophobic
A positive ion that is formed by am atom losing one or more electrons.
cation
The high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor.
heat of vaproization
A group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton.
functional group
A very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together.
Van De Waals Interaction
This occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes; drawing the water molecules to the tubes' sides.
capillarity
A scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution.
pH Scale
A hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
Molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other.
Enantiomers