Mendel & Genetics
Chromosomes & Inheritance
DNA structure & Replication
Gene Expression, Transcription, and Translation
Cell Signaling
100
___ are the parts of chromosomes that make proteins. A ___ is a visible feature of an organism
What is Genes & trait
100
Genes on the same chromosome are ___ ___ that tend to be inherited together
What is linked genes
100
DNA is a polymer of ____ which consists of 3 parts (list them)
What is nucleotides & 1. A phospate group 2. A sugar 3. Base (4 DNA letters) – A, T, G, and C1
100
In transcription a ___ copy of a DNA gene is made in the ___. RNA ___ is the enzyme that performs transcription
What is messenger RNA (mRNA), nucleus, polymerase
100
A ___ ____ ____ is a series of steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response.
What is signal transduction pathway
200
___ change the DNA sequence of a gene affecting the protein that is made. These create new versions of a gene called an ____
What is Mutations & allele
200
A ___ ___ is an ordered list of the genes along a particular chromosome
What is genetic map
200
The end of the strand with a phosphate is the ___ end • The end of the strand with a hydroxyl is the ___ end. Nucleotides only add to ___ end
What is 5’ , 3’, 3’
200
Transcription and translation is divided into three phases:
What is – Initiation – Elongation – Termination
200
Cells in a multicellular organism communicate by chemical signals called ____
What is ligands
300
Mendel’s law of ____ says that the alleles on different chromosomes ___ during meiosis. Sperm and egg each give 1 ___ to the offspring
What is segregation & separate & allele
300
Distances are expressed as ___ ___; one represents a 1% 1% ___ ____.
What is map units, recombination frequency
300
The two strands in DNA are ____ – One strand runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’ . ___ ___ makes the DNA letters always pair in a specific way. The DNA letters hold the strands together by ___ ___
What is antiparallel, Base Pairing, hydrogen bonds
300
The genetic code is based on 3 letter nucleotide ____ (UUU for instance) that specify one __ __
What is codons, amino acid
300
In local signaling, cells communicate using ___ ___ that travel only short distances. In long-distance signaling, plants and animals use chemicals called that travel through the blood vessels.
What is local regulators, hormones
400
Mendel’s law of ___ ____ says that ___ sort out independently and all possible gamete____ are made by meiosis
What is independent assortment & Alleles & genotypes
400
Unlinked genes always have a recombination frequency of ___
What is 50%
400
DNA strands are ____ .One DNA strand acts as the ___ for making the other DNA strand
What is complementary, template
400
Translation converts the mRNA language into a ___ product in the ___. ___ are the enzymes that perform translation. They use ___ to read mRNA ____
What is protein. cytoplasm, Ribosomes, tRNAs, codons
400
Sutherland suggested that cells receiving signals went through three processes:
What is – Reception – Transduction – Response
500
__ ___ says that Neither allele (R or r) is ___ or ____. Heterozygotes (Rr) have an intermediate ____. ____ says there are 2 or more dominant alleles.
What is Incomplete dominance, dominant, recessive. phenotype. Co-dominance
500
A test cross was used to determine the ____ of an individual with a dominant ____. Although, more of the _____ type of progeny in their crosses was observed. The result demonstrated ___ between genes.
What is genotype, phenotype, parental, linkage
500
Meselson and Stahl hypothesized three possible models for DNA replication : 1. ____ 2. ___-___ 3. _____
What is 1. Conservative 2. Semi-conservative 3. Dispersive
500
Elongation happens in 3 separate steps 1. Codon Recognition 2. Peptide bond formation 3. Translocation In Codon Recognition the anticodon of an incoming tRNA pairs with the mRNA codon in the _ site. In peptide bond formation, GTP energy is used to form a ___ ___ between the polypeptide chain in the P site and the amino acid on the next tRNA in the A site. In translocation, __ energy is used to move the ribosome to the next codon in the mRNA.
What is A, peptide bond, GTP
500
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by multiple mutations in two types of genes : (1)___ and (1) ____ ___ ___. (1) ___-___ normally regulate the cell cycle. (1) Mutations ____ oncogenes promoting more cell growth than normal (gas pedal). (2) Normally slows the formation of ____ (brakes). (2) Mutated tumor suppressors are ____
What is Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes. Proto-oncogenes, hyperactivate tumors, nonfunctional
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