Taxonomy
Developed by Carl Linneaus, this is used to classify organisms
What is taxonomy?
The definition of a phylogenetic tree
What is a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships where branch lengths often represent time
H1N1, measles, and corona are all examples of this
What is a virus?
Prokaryotic organisms
What are bacteria and archaea?
Organisms on earth for the first two billion years
What are anaerobic organisms?
The foldings of a cell membrane into the interior of a cell
What is infolding?
A relationship between plant roots and their symbiotic fungi
What is mycorrhizae?
Single celled algae
What are diatom?
This part of an organism is similar in structure and comes from a common ancestor but could be utilized in a different way
What is a homology?
This represents an ancestor and all of its descendents
What is a clade?
The reason(s) viruses are considered to be nonliving
What is they cannot survive without a host and cannot reproduce on their own?
Bacteria that get their food from other sources
What is heterotrophic bacteria?
Coccus, bacillus, and helical
What are shapes of bacteria?
Evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were descended from free-living cyanobacteria
What is they have their own DNA
A symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic organism, often algae
What is lichen?
What is green algae?
Bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria, move DNA from one bacterium to another. Archaea have a different set of viruses that infect them and translocate genetic material from one individual to another.
What is transduction? (A method for prokaryotes to alter their genetic information)
The definition of an analogy
A group that diverged before all other taxa
What is an outgroup?
What is a nucleic acid core, capsid protein coat, and glycoprotein spikes?
Pigments that make green, blue, and red
What is chlorophyll A, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin?
This makes a prokaryotic cell gram-positive
Layers of peptidoglycan
Binary fission, multiple fission, and budding
How do protists reproduce?
What are basidiomycetes
The color that a gram-negative test would show
What is pink?
Dinoflagellates
What are single-celled aquatic organisms that have two flagella?
Maximum parsimony
What is the fewest synapomorphies and the simplest explanation?
Two things phylogenetic trees tell us
What are classifications and evolutionary relationships?
This creates an early immune resistance to a virus
What is a vaccine?
The basic structure of a prokaryote
What is cell membrane and a few ribosomes (some have cell walls)?
Their DNA is simple and simple
An extremophile would be found in this type of location
What are extreme environments?
Extremophiles like to live in: volcanos, polar ice caps, bottom of the ocean, super salty water
Aquatic parasites with cell walls made of chitin, infect and kill frogs
What are chytridomycetes?
Fungi cannot photosynthesize and they store their food as glycogen rather than starch
What evidence suggests fungi are more closely related to humans than plants?
Structures of a protist
What are multiple nuclei, being enveloped by a cell wall or membrane or pellicle, and able to move (usually with cilia or flagella)?
Infolding of prokaryote plasma membranes that lead to compartmentalization
What is autogenesis?
DNA's role in improving phylogenetics
What is confirming early classfications and uncovering previous errors?
Morpohologic AND genetic information is most effective
A pitfall of phylogenetic trees
-they are only as robust as the species they include
-the branches don't always accurately represent time
-the traits could be homologies or analogies
Ten million viruses are found in every drop of this
What is water?
These organisms makes their own organic compounds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
What are autotrophic bacteria?
They all produce sugar of some sort and are found at the base of the food web
Earth's first oxygen producers which evolved from phototrophs
What are cyanobacteria?
Conjugated fungi, including bread molds and penicillin
What are zygomycetes?
Asexual spores, mostly terrestrial
Primarily terrestrial, cannot photosynthesize, consumes food from decaying matter, can cause infections in plants and animals, has glycogen storage
What are characteristics of fungi?
The major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions
What are brown algae?
A condition where one organism lives within another
What is endosymbiosis?
Organisms that share an immediate common ancestor
True/false: Do phylogenetic trees show time?
If they do, it will be notated. Branching does not always indicate age of particular species.
H1N1 refers to the presence of this on the surface of the virus
What are proteins?
When medication is stopped early and conditions are good for resistant bacteria to have spaces to grow, take over, and submit drug resistance to other bacteria that may not have been killed
What is antibiotic resistance?
The primary producers at the base of all food chains
What are autotrophic bacteria?
Sac fungi, multi- and uni-cellular with cup-like structure
What are ascomycetes?
The ability of fungi to transform nutrients to make them available for plants, food source for wildlife, medicinal source
Why are fungi important to the ecosystem?
A single-celled, brightly colored mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei
What is a slime mold?
An event where certain types of algae on the coastline grow out of control
What is red tide?
A lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched
What is a basal taxon?
A derived trait that distinguishes a species from its ancestors
What is a synapomorphy?
Using a glycoprotein to attach to their host cells at molecules on the cell called viral receptors. Attachment is a requirement for viruses to later penetrate the cell membrane, inject the viral genome, and complete their replication inside the cell.
How do viruses use their host cells to reproduce?
Single-celled organisms that lack nuclei but do not have layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Found in extreme environments but also in human microbiomes
What are archaea?
Ringworm, a fungal infection of the skin
What is the common name for tinea?
A tangle of slender thread-like structures, characteristics of vegetative state
What are hyphae?
A mass of hyphae
What is mycelium?
A method of analysis that evaluates a phylogenetic tree based on highest probability
What is maximum likelihood?
An organism that feeds on dead organic material
What is a heterotrophic saprobe?
A generic (genus) name and a specific (species) name
What is binomial nomenclature?
A trait shared by two or more taxa that is also shared with their earliest common ancestor
What is a symplesiomorphy?
SARS-COV-2, SARS, and MERS are all types of this virus
What is coronavirus?
The cell takes in DNA found in its environment that is shed by other prokaryotes, alive or dead
What is transformation? (A method for prokaryotes to alter their genetic information)
DNA is transferred from one prokaryote to another by means of a pilus that brings the organisms into contact with one another.
What is conjugation? (A method for prokaryotes to alter their genetic information)
Heterotrophs that contain neither photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls nor organelles such as chloroplasts. Because they feed on decaying and dead matter, they are saprobes. They establish parasitic relationships with animals and plants.
What are characteristics of fungi?
Yeasts and mycelium
What are types of fungi?
How did eukaryotes evolve?
A (typically single-celled) eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus
What is a protist?