Carbohydrates
Animals store energy as _____ & plants store energy as ______.
What are Glycogen & Starch?
Reactions that proceed with a net release of free energy
What is exergonic?
Molecules that serve as final electron acceptors in cellular respiration
What are low potential energy molecules?
Thylakoid membranes contain large quantities of pigments. The most common pigment is ________.
What is chlorophyll?
Genetic recombination during meiosis and random fertilization of gametes from 2 individuals
What is the reason meiosis results in offspring genetically different than parents?
Starch has the a-glycosidic linkages and cellulose has b-glycosidic linkages. Humans only have enzymes to hydrolyze one of these types of linkages.
Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose?
A word meaning bonds are broken and energy is therefore released
What is catabolic?
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration, and thus the reason we breathe
What is acting as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Photons may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected when they strike an object. Molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light are ________
What are pigments?
The bonding of 2 monomers to form a polymer is a dehydration or condensation reaction and therefore requires the ______
Something that can form between any 2 hydroxyl groups. The location & geometry of these bonds vary widely among polysaccharides.
What is a glycosidic linkage?
What is energetic coupling?
This is the first step of cellular respiration, occuring in the cytoplasm and breaking down glucose into pyruvate
What is glycolysis?
Accessory pigments that absorb light and pass energy on to chlorophyll. Also, stabilize free radicals and protect chlorophylls from damage.
What are carotenoids?
Cancerous proteins that encourage a cell to enter the next phase of the cell cycle, even under conditions of DNA damage
What are oncogenes?
Glycoproteins display information on the outer surface of cells.
What is the process of glycoproteins functioning as cell-cell recognition for animal cells?
When a regulatory molecule changes the conformation of an enzyme to make a binding site active
What is Allosteric Activation?
During the citric acid cycle, this gas is released as a waste product
What is carbon dioxide (CO2)?
When a pigment absorbs a photon and the electron gets excited and then falls back to its ground state
What is fluorescence?
Condensation of chromosomes, separation of the spindle poles, spindle formation, separation of sister chromatids
What occurs during the M phase of Mitosis?
These carbohydrates provide structure by forming long strands with bonds between adjacent strands to create layered sheets to give cells & organisms great strength and elasticity.
What are cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan?
When a regulatory molecule, instead of a substrate, binds to the enzyme's active site
What is competition inhibition?
The primary function of the first 3 phases of cellular respiration
What is the breaking of bonds of glucose and transferring of high energy electrons in glucose to NADH and FADH2?
A photosystem consists of 2 major elements.
What are an antenna complex and a reaction center?
It joins Okazaki fragments together during DNA replication
What is the role of ligase during the elongation of the lagging strand?