The Basics: Introduction to Biology, Cell Theory, and Chemistry
Nucleic Acids and Replication
Transcription and Translation
Enzymes and Kinetics
Lipids, Carbs, Membranes, and Transport
100
The difference between a hypothesis and a theory.
What is that theories have been supported by many experiments and have come to be accepted as fact, while a hypothesis is a prediction we want to test in a future experiment.
100
The Avery/MacLeod/McCarty experiment showed this.
What is that DNA is the "transforming factor"
100
Whether or not the following statements about ribosomes are true or false. 1. Viruses have ribosomes. 2. Ribosomes read mRNA from 3' to 5' 3. In prokaryotes, ribosomes bind to the Shine-Delgarno sequence of the mRNA 4. Multiple ribosome maybe translating the same mRNA at a time. 5. Ribosomes are made of protein and rRNA.
What is 1. false 2. false 3. true 4. true 5. true
100
How much deltaG changes in presence of an enzyme.
What is not at all?
100
A description of a molecule that could most easily cross a lipid bilayer without a transporter.
What is a small, uncharged molecule.
200
What biologists looks for in organisms to determine how they are evolutionary related and why.
What is rRNA, because all cells have it and the sequences can be compared.
200
The direction that DNA polymerase moves relative to the TEMPLATE strand and the direction that DNA polymerase moves relative to the newly synthesized strand.
What is 3' to 5' and 5' to 3', respectively.
200
A description of three elements of RNA processing in eukaryotes.
What is addition of a 5' cap, addition of a 3' tail, and splicing
200
Whether or not the following are true or false for a reaction that has a deltaG of +3.4 kcal/mol. 1. the product is more stable than the reactant 2. energy is released 3. the reaction is endergonic 4. the reaction is spontaneous 5. ATP may be used to power the reaction
What is 1. false 2. false 3. true 4. false 5. true
200
How the membranes of thermophile and human cells might differ.
What is the amount of unsaturated and saturated phospholipids, because thermophiles will have more saturated phospholipids.
300
A description of the hypothesis and method of Pasteur's experiment and whether or not the hypothesis was supported.
What is 1. That microorganisms come from other microorganisms. 2. Broth is placed in a flask and sterilized to destroy all microbes in the solution. The neck of the flask is drawn out to prevent microbes from the air from falling into the broth. Instead, they settle as dust in the neck of the flask. No microbe growth is observed in the flask. When the flask is allowed to come into contact with the microbes in the dust, the broth quickly begins to harbor microbial life. 3. The hypothesis was supported.
300
Describe three mixtures of S cells and/or R cells that could result in a mouse that gets sick or dies.
1. S cells only 2. R cells + S cells 3. R cells + heat killed S cells
300
A list of four elements necessary for transcription to occur.
What is a promoter, RNA polymerase, transcription factors (euk) or a sigma factor (prok), and a DNA template
300
An enzyme is most functional at 30 degrees Celsius and pH=7. The enzyme concentration in the reaction vessel is 30mM and the substrate concentration is 12mM. At this point, the reaction is proceeding at Vmax. 1. What is the Km? 2. How could the rate of reaction be increased? 3. How could the rate of reaction be decreased?
1. 6mM 2. add more enzyme 3. change the pH or temperature, add an inhibitor
300
An explanation of what alpha and beta glycosidic linkages are usually used for.
What is energy/fuel storage and structure, respectively.
400
Name of the LOWEST level of biological organization that exhibits all the properties of life
What is a cell?
400
A description of why telomerase is necessary and how it works (please draw the 3' and 5' ends of the template strands and explain)
What is the fact that the final primer placed on the template of the lagging strand cannot be replaced with DNA by DNA pol 1, so genetic information may be lost. Telomerase uses a RNA template to extend the template of the lagging strand on its 3' side so that this does not occur.
400
A description of how tRNAs are linked to amino acids, including what type of bond forms between them, the name of the enzyme that links them, and what part of the tRNA the amino acid is linked to.
What is 1. a covalent bond 2. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 3. the 3' end of the tRNA
400
A description of allosteric regulation.
What is a process in which a molecule may bind to a site away from the active site in order to increase or decrease the activity of that enzyme.
400
A description of at least two components of phospholipid structure.
What is a long hydrocarbon chain (may be saturated or unsaturated) attached by an ester linkage to a glycerol and a phosphate group (which compose the polar head group)
500
A description of stuctural features you would look for to determine whether a given molecule was a carb, lipid, nucleic acid, or amino acid.
Carb: The atoms are some multiple of CH20 (for example, C6H12O6. Don't forget to count hydrogens that are not drawn) Lipid: hydrophobic. Large areas of only carbons and hydrogens. Nucleic acid: phosphate group(s), sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base (A, C, T, G, U) Amino acid (single): a central carbon that is bonded to a COOH, an NH2 or NH3, and a variable R group Amino acid (in a polypeptide): instead of an NH2 and COOH, look for a carbon double bonded to an O and single bonded to an N. This is the peptide bond.
500
List nine enzymes that participate in DNA replication and their function.
1. DNA polymerase I: remove RNA primer and replace with DNA 2. DNA polymerase III: extend primers to synthesize new DNA 3. primase: lay down an RNA primer 4. helicase: open up DNA double helix 5. SSBP: prevent separated DNA strands from reannealing 6. sliding clamp: hold steadily DNA pol III onto the template strand 7. DNA ligase: join okazaki fragments with a phosphodiester bond 8. telomerase: extend the 3' end of the lagging strand template 9. toppisomerase: relieve twisting forces caused by unwinding the DNA
500
Using a codon table, determine what amino acid would be attached to a tRNA with the anticodon 5’ ACG 3’
What is Arg?
500
Draw a graph that shows rate of reaction as substrate increases. Label Vmax and Km. On the same graph, draw how the reaction would proceed with a competitive inhibitor. Label Vmax and Km. On the same graph, draw how the reaction would proceed with a noncompetitive inhibitor. Label Vmax and Km.
(facilitator can check this)
500
A description of the function of cholesterol in a membrane
What is to decrease fluidity at high heat and increase fluidity at low heat.
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