Enzymes
Where does a substrate bind? Where does a noncompetitive inhibitor bind? Where does a competitive inhibitor bind?
Active site. Allosteric site. Active site.
What is the monomer and polymer of Nucleic Acids?
Monomer: Nucleotides - C, U, T, G, A
Polymer: Nucleic Acids - Chain of nucleotides like DNA and RNA
Give the monomer and polymer
Monosaccahride and polysaccharid.
Name the three types of lipids
Fatty acids - hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxyl group can be unsaturated or saturated(no double bonds, solid at room temp, butter).
triglycerides - Glycerol linked to three fatty acids.
phospholipids
What is the main molecule used to assist in endergonic reactions?
ATP
What is Km?
Substrate concentration needed to get 1/2 Vmax. Describes the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.
How are strands oriented in DNA.
Double helix with anti parallel stands held together by hydrogen bonds in between purine-pyrimidine pairs
Give the basic formula
(CH2O)n
What are the key structures of a phospholipid?
Polar hydrophilic head, phosphate group, and two hydrophobic fatty acids. Like glycerol but phosphate contains company replaces one fatty acid.
What is the effect of an enzyme catalyst on a reaction?
Lowers the activation energy, increasing the rate of the reaction.
Keq and delta G do not change
What does a high Km mean?
The enzyme binds the substrate moser loosely. Lower affinity. Less efficient at converting substrates to product.
What is located at each ends 5’ and 3’ of the sugar phosphate backbone?
5‘ phosphate. 3’hydroxyl. Nucleotides are added to the 3’ Connecting another nucleotide at the 5’ with a phosphodiester bond.
What is it called when TWO monosaccharides are joined. What bond is it?
Disaccharide. Glycosidic linkage.
How are fatty acids joined with glycerol? What is it called?
Synthesis condenstation (dehydration) reaction H+OH>H20. Ester linkage.
When is a reaction favorable? Explain answer in terms of Gibbs Free Energy
Reaction is exergonic. Reactants have more energy than products so energy is real sed from the reaction. Delta G<0
How do you increase Vmax? How does this affect Km
Increase enzyme concentration. Km does not change.
Draw a DNA and RNA nucleotide
DNA: base A,G,U, or C. OH at 2’ And 3’. Phosplate group at 5’.
RNA: base A,G,T, or C. OH only at 3’. H at 2’. Phosphate group at 5’.
What is more stable alpha or beta linked glucose? Why?
Beta due to sterics, OH group on 2’. Also substitutants are equatorial which is more favorable (Don’t need to know)
How does cholesterol affect a membrane.
Stabilzes it due to cholesterol being hydrophobic and having a ring structure. The hydrocarbon tails have lateral vertical(flip-flop) motion as well as being able to have kinks in them which would increase fluidity.
What four factors affect the rate of a reaction
Substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH
What is the difference between a competitive regulation and noncompetive regulation?
Compettive inhibitors bind at the active site. Similar in substrate structure. Affinity is less, Km greater. Vmax same.
Noncompettive inhibitor or accelerator bind at allosteric site changing the conformation of teh enzyme to active or inactivate it. Vmax changes. Km sometimes change but most do not.
How is the information from DNA processed into a protein. Give the location of where the process happens.
1.
2.
1. DNA/Genes are transcribes into RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus
2. RNA is translated to a protein using a ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What are polysaccharides used for? give an example of each.
1.
2.
Fuel storage (starch or glycogen) and structure (chitin, cellulose, or peptidoglycan)
What types of molecules can cross the membrane? How do larger or charged molecules cross?
Small nonpolar or uncharged polar molecules Have to use membrane transport proteins.
Building molecules are ____,delta G(+ or -), Give the reaction of ATP
Breaking down molecules are ____,delta G(+ or -) , Give the reaction of ATP
Building molecules are anabolic, delta G+.
ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O
Breaking molecules down are catabolic, delta G-.
ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi + energy