Ch. 9: Biotechnology
This is a technique used to synthetically create millions to billions of strands of DNA using an initial single strand of DNA as a template.
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
This is a name for infectious proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and lose their function.
What is a prion?
This term describes the amount of time between when someone becomes infected with a pathogen and when they start showing symptoms of the infection.
What is the incubation period?
This is a staining method used to distinguish different groups of bacteria in sample.
What is differential staining?
-Acceptable answer: Gram-staining
This is the type of microscope we typically use in our lab.
What is a light microscope?
This term refers to a molecule of DNA that is made up of DNA from multiple sources (i.e. from different individuals/species).
What is a recombinant DNA molecule/plasmid?
This type of virus has an exceptionally high mutation rate, due to the fact that it must convert its RNA genome to DNA (an extremely error-prone process) before inserting its genome into a host cell's genome.
What are retroviruses?
This is a term used to describe diseases that are passed from non-human animal to humans.
What are zoonoses/zoonotic diseases?
This is a type of relationship in which two different organisms leave near each other (or one lives inside the other) and benefit each other by providing nutrients, shelter, etc.
What is a symbiotic relationship?
This molecule primarily makes up the cell wall of bacteria.
What is peptidoglycan?
This is a technique in which molecules are separated by size, charge, etc. by running them through a gel.
What is gel electrophoresis?
This is a type of horizontal gene transfer in which random bits of a host's genome are packaged inside of a virus and transmitted to another host.
What is generalized transduction?
This is the process by which the molecules on the exterior of a virus change, making it challenging for our immune system to recognize the virus.
What is antigenic shift/drift?
This is the process of moving genetic material from one individual to another individual without the use of reproduction.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
This term groups bacteria and archaea together, despite these groups being distantly related evolutionarily.
What is "prokaryote"?
These are enzymes that are used to locate and cut DNA at recognizable locations on a chromosome, usually because the cut sites are palindromic.
What are recognition sequences/restriction sites?
This is a type of viral infection in which a virus actively replicates in a host and then leaves by cutting open the host cell.
What is a lytic infection?
This is a type of infection obtain in a healthcare setting?
What is a nosocomial infection?
What are:
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
This term refers to molecules of DNA found in bacteria that contain genes that aren't vital for existence but contain genes that give its possessor a selective advantage.
What are plasmids?
Daily Double: Explain the logic behind DNA cloning.
This is a name for an infection that has a rapid onset and a short duration, often due to the immune system recognizing and then eliminating the pathogen.
What is an acute infection?
This is another name for a source of disease, whether that source is biotic or abiotic.
What is a reservoir?
This type of reaction binds monomers together with an energy investment, resulting in a loss of a water molecule.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This group of organisms is what mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be.
What are bacteria?