Lectures 1-3 (Intro + Biopolymers)
Lecture 4 (Organelles)
Lecture 5-6 (Membranes)
Lectures 7-8 (Enzymes)
Lectures 9-11 (Cell Metabolism)
100
What is the bacterial immune system defense system has been adapted into a tool for gene editing?
CRISPR-Cas9
100
What is the primary function of phospholipids in membranes?
Form the lipid bilayer and regulate cell permeability
100
What is the difference between a competitive and a noncompetitive inhibitor?
Competitive - binds to active site
Noncompetitive - binds to a different part of the enzyme and causes it to change shape
100
A drug that mimics a substrate and binds to an enzyme’s active site, blocking the real substrate, is an example of what kind of inhibition?
Competitive inhibition.
100
This metabolic pathway completes the breakdown of glucose and produces NADH and FADH2.
Citric acid cycle.
200
A solution at pH 6 has how many times more H+ ions than a solution at pH 8?
100x
200
What are 3 functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Name at least 1.
Membrane bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
Distributes transport vesicles
Membrane factory for the cell
200
What stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
200
In feedback inhibition, how does the final product of a metabolic pathway regulate earlier steps in the pathway?
Via binding to an earlier step in the pathway to stop it from producing anything.
200
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain for aerobic metabolism?
Oxygen.
300
You have 18 grams of water (1 mol). The pH of the solution is 3. What is the concentration of H+ in the solution?
1 x 10^-3 M/L
300
Where in the cell will you find DNA - besides the nucleus?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
300
A researcher modifies a cell membrane so that its phospholipids contain only saturated fatty acids. How will this affect membrane fluidity at low temperatures?
The membrane will become more rigid due to fatty acids packing more tightly together, reducing fluidity.
300
An enzyme involved in blood clotting increases in activity as more substrate binds to it. What is this type of regulation called?
Allosteric cooperativity
300
If facultative anaerobic bacteria are placed in an environment with both oxygen and glucose, which metabolic pathway will they prefer and why?
Aerobic respiration because it produces significantly more ATP per glucose molecule.
400
Which amino acid is non-polar?
Leucine
400
Lysosomal storage disorders, such as Tay-Sachs disease, occur due to defective enzymes in the lysosome. What consequence does this have on the cell?
The cell cannot digest macromolecules and this causes a buildup of waste products.
400
What type of reaction would decrease the entropy within a cell?
Anabolic
400
In the induced fit model of enzyme function, how does the active site lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur?
By orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment, or covalently bonding to the substrate.
400
A person is diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder that reduces the number of cristae. What effect would this have on their ATP production?
Decreased ATP production due to reduced surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
500
A genetic mutation alters the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure are directly affected, and how might this impact function?
Direct impact on primary structure, which would impact secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures subsequently and disrupt overall protein function
500
A researcher observes that a mutant cell has normal microtubules but vesicles fail to move along them. What molecular defect could explain this?
Defect in motor proteins, thus no motility
500
During a lab experiment, you discover than an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a delta G of -20kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the delta G of the new reaction?
-20 kcal/mol
500
According to the Michaelis-Menten equation, what happens to the reaction velocity as substrate concentration increases, and why does this effect plateau at high values?
As substrate increases, velocity rises rapidly and then plateaus at Vmax because all the active sites become saturated.
500
A scientist discovers a mutation in phosphofructokinase (PFK) that makes it unable to bind ATP as an allosteric inhibitor. What metabolic consequence would this have?
Unregulated glycolysis, resulting in excessive ATP production and possible energy wastage.