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Gene locus: the specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
Homologous chromosome: carries the same gene loci but may have different alleles.
Describe the leading and lagging strand.
Leading: continuous synthesis
Lagging: discontinuous
Describe cleavage.
What is organogenesis?
The formation of organs from germ layers
What are homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
Homozygous: two identical alleles (ex: AA)
Heterozygous:two different alleles (ex: Aa)
How do DNA strands run?
5'-3'; antiparallel; polymerase can only add onto 3' end.
What are the differences of DNA vs RNA
DNA: double stranded, uses T
RNA: single stranded, uses U instead of T, is synthesized 5'-3'.
What is the main difference between humans and reptiles when offspring is being produced?
-Reptiles lay eggs
What is the law of segregation?
What is the law of independent assortment?
Law of segregation: alleles separate during meiosis 1, each gamete only gets 1 allele.
Law of independent assortment: genes on different chromosomes assort independently, only true when genes are NOT linked.
What forms the backbone of DNA, and What holds the pairs together?
Pair:Hydrogen bonds
Describes sexual vs asexual reproduction.
Sexual: meiosis and fertilization, higher genetic diversity and adaptation rate
Asexual:budding, fission
Describe the function of each of these embryonic membrane terms: Amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac.
Amnion: cushion
Chorion: gas exchange
Allantois: waste
Yolk sac: nutrients
What is a genotype? What is a phenotype? What does modes of inheritance describe?
Genotype: allele combination (AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype: physical trait
Modes of inheritance: determines how genotype maps to phenotype
Nucleotides:
-phosphate
-deoxyribose sugar
-nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C)
Describe gatroylation (Diploblasts and triploblasts)
Diploblasts: ectoderm + endoderm
Triploblasts: ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm
ectoderm: skin, nervous system
mesoderm: muscle, bone, blood
endoderm: digestive lining, lungs
Dominant alleles produce? Recessive alleles produce? What is incomplete dominance?
Dominant: functional proteins
Recessive: nonfunctional proteins
Incomplete dominance: neither allele produces enough functional product alone
Start: AUG
Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA
Describe these mutations:
Silent
Missense
Nonsense
Frameshift
Silent: no AA change
Missense: one AA change
Nonsense: premature stop
Frameshift: major disruption (most harmful)
Define the following development terms: induction, determination, differentiation, cell fate.
induction: cells influence neighbors
determination: fate locked in
differentiation: specialization
cell fate: final outcome