Homeostasis and Metabolism
What are Organs made of?
Tissues
Name an accessory organ in the digestive system
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What is the smallest vessel of the cardiovascular system?
capillary
Name a polymer that releases nitrogenous wastes when broken down
Proteins, Nucleic acids
Name a gland of the endocrine system
Pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes
How do organisms generate ATP?
Cellular Respiration
What makes a nutrient an essential nutrient?
It is a nutrient the body cannot synthesize
Name a component of blood
Erythrocytes, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
Name a toxic nitrogenous waste
Ammonia or ammonium ions
What are steroid hormones derived from
Cholesterol
Name at least one way animals can release water
respiration, removal of wastes, or body temperature regulation
What are the four stages of food processing?
Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and egestion
What is blood pressure (dont just say the pressure of blood) hint: 120/80
systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
Name the four processes of the excretory system
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion
What does the pancreas do?
Endocrine and exocrine functions in relation to metabolism
Explain how a negative feedback loop works
a response where a change in the regulated variable can cause a response that moves the variable in the opposite direction. Ex: sweating to cool down the body
What enzyme is found in the mouth, and what polymer does it break down?
How do lungs expand
Negative pressure is created from the contraction of the diaghragm and the intercostal muscles
What type of excretory tubes do flatworms have?
Protonephridia
How do insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels?
When levels are high, insulin is released and causes glucose to be stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. When levels are low, glucagon is released and glycogen is converted back to glucose.
What does Leptin do?
decrease appetite and increase metabolic rate
Walkthrough the pathway of digestion and explain what is happening to the best of your ability
Mouth (mechanical and chemical digestion) -> Esophagus (movement via peristalsis) -> Stomach (chemical digestion) -> Small intestine (chemical digestion and absorption) -> Large intestine (absorption) -> Colon -> Eliminated
Trace the pathway of blood through the body/heart and say when it switches from deoxygenated to oxygenated and vice versa.
Deoxygenated blood from the body -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins -> left atria -> left ventricle -> aorta -> coronary/regular arteries -> body -> deoxygenated blood enters the vena cava -> right atrium
Trace the pathway of substances through the nephron
Enters the glomerulus from the blood -> Proximal convuluted tubule -> Descending Loop of Henle -> Ascending Loop of Henle -> Distal tubule -> Collecting duct
Explain the negative feedback loop of T3, T4, TSH, and TRH hormones
A decrease in T3 and T4 hormones causes the hypothalamus to release TRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH which is detected by thyroid cells which then release T3 and T4. If TSH is low, TRH will be released.